Safe Liver Detox at Home: 3 Natural Liver Cleansing Methods

The liver is often compared to the body's "processing plant," but not every attempt at liver detoxification, liver cleansing, or liver purification will make it healthier. "Liver flush" methods are advertised to remove gallstones, but there is currently no reliable scientific evidence to prove their effectiveness. In fact, incorrect execution can be harmful to the body. In this article, Tiptory helps you understand safe liver detoxification methods, distinguish between anecdotal information and medical evidence, and know when to consult a doctor instead of attempting at-home liver detoxification.

Method 1: Liver Detoxification with Olive Oil and Orange Juice

Step 1: Do not fast for “liver detoxification”

No need to fast before liver detoxification

• There is no reliable scientific evidence to suggest that fasting or performing a "liver flush" helps cleanse the liver or remove gallstones. Therefore, prolonged fasting should not be considered a mandatory step in liver detoxification, liver cleansing, or liver purification.

• In particular, prolonged fasting can lead to a lack of energy and nutrients in the body. For individuals with chronic liver disease like cirrhosis, prolonged fasting can make nutritional management more difficult.

Avoid fasting or rapid weight loss

• NIDDK warns that long periods without food or rapid weight loss can cause the liver to release more cholesterol into the bile and make the gallbladder work, emptying less efficiently. This can increase the risk of gallstone formation.

• Therefore, if your goal is at-home liver purification or supporting liver health, you should not adopt prolonged fasting or very low-calorie diets to "cleanse" the liver.

• If weight loss is needed, aim for a gradual and sustainable rate of weight loss rather than rapid "detox" regimens. For overweight or obese individuals, NIDDK recommends losing about 5–10% of initial body weight over 6 months.

Do not rely on apple juice to dissolve gallstones

• Apple juice is often mentioned in liver detoxification methods due to its malic acid content, but there is currently no strong clinical evidence to prove that drinking apple juice can dissolve or remove gallstones.

• If symptomatic gallstones are present, the management approach should be based on the specific situation. Medical methods may include medication to dissolve stones in some cases or interventions like ERCP when stones are lodged in the bile duct.

Prioritize evidence-based liver care

• Instead of fasting for liver detoxification, focus on habits beneficial for liver and gallbladder health:

  • Eat plenty of high-fiber foods such as vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains.

  • Limit sugar and refined carbohydrates.

  • Prioritize healthy fats such as olive oil and fats from fish.

  • Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly.

See a doctor if gallstones are suspected

• If you experience prolonged abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, fever, chills, jaundice, tea-colored urine, or light-colored stools, do not continue with at-home liver detoxification. These could be signs of obstruction or complications of the bile ducts and require prompt medical evaluation.

Step 2: Do not use juice for "liver detoxification"

Do not prepare juice mixtures for liver detoxification yourself

• The formula consisting of grapefruit, orange, and lemon juice combined with a large amount of olive oil is a form of liver flush advertised to "expel" gallstones from the body. However, there is currently no reliable evidence to show that this method can detoxify the liver, cleanse the gallbladder, or treat gallstones.

• Therefore, a mixture of fruit juice and olive oil should not be considered a proven at-home liver detoxification method.

Do not drink large amounts of olive oil according to detox recipes

• Liver purification methods often use a fairly large amount of olive oil in a short period. Olive oil can have a laxative effect, which can lead to diarrhea, nausea, or abdominal pain in some people.

• The stone-like substances or lumps appearing in the stool after a "flush" are also not evidence that gallstones have been expelled. Mayo Clinic states that these can be a mixture of oil, juice, and other matter.

Do not use juice to replace gallstone treatment

• If you have been diagnosed with gallstones, you should not apply lemon, grapefruit, olive oil liver detoxification methods to replace medical treatment.

• Asymptomatic gallstones often do not require immediate treatment. Conversely, if stones cause pain or complications, doctors may consider appropriate treatment methods such as cholecystectomy or medication to dissolve stones in some cases.

Prioritize liver care over "flushing"

• A balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and limiting factors harmful to the liver are more practically valuable than finding a quick liver purification recipe.

• If you are experiencing abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or suspect gallstones, consult a doctor before using any liver detoxification method. Symptoms such as severe or prolonged abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice also require medical evaluation.

Step 3: Do not drink oil for "liver detoxification"

Do not follow the regimen of drinking juice and olive oil in cycles

• Instructions to drink a mixture of fruit juice interspersed with olive oil every 15 minutes are a form of liver flush or liver purification circulated online, but there is no reliable scientific evidence to show that this method can dissolve or expel gallstones. The Mayo Clinic also does not recommend using this method to treat gallstones.

• Therefore, this should not be considered a proven at-home liver detoxification method or a medically verified liver cleansing procedure.

Large amounts of olive oil can cause discomfort

• Drinking a lot of olive oil in a short time can have a laxative effect and cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. These side effects have also been reported when performing gallbladder cleansing methods.

• The "stone-like" substances appearing in the stool after flushing also do not prove that gallstones have been expelled. They can be blocks formed from oil, juice, and other materials during digestion.

Do not try to stimulate the gallbladder if you have gallstones

• If gallstones are in the bile duct and causing obstruction, self-administering olive oil liver detoxification methods is not a safe treatment approach.

• Asymptomatic gallstones usually do not require immediate treatment, but stones causing pain or complications need to be evaluated by a doctor, who will then choose an appropriate treatment method.

Recognize signs requiring medical attention

• If you are looking for liver purification methods due to frequent abdominal pain, you should not perform a liver flush yourself to check for "stones."

• Immediate medical attention is needed if severe or prolonged abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, or chills occur, especially when accompanied by nausea or vomiting. These may be signs related to bile duct obstruction or complications of gallstones.

Step 4: No need to lie on your side for "liver detoxification"

No evidence of needing to lie on the right side

• Some anecdotal liver detoxification guidelines suggest lying on your right side immediately after drinking a juice and olive oil mixture to facilitate the "flush" process.

• However, there is no reliable scientific evidence to show that lying on the right side helps with liver detoxification, gallbladder cleansing, or expelling gallstones. The Mayo Clinic also concludes that liver/gallbladder cleansing methods have not been proven effective in treating or preventing gallstones.

No need to try to sleep immediately after performing a "liver flush"

• Instead of trying to follow a specific sleeping position, it is more important not to continue the liver flush procedure if nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain occur.

• These symptoms can occur when performing gallbladder cleansing methods and are not signs that the liver is being "detoxified."

If gallstones are suspected, get checked instead of self-purifying

• Severe or prolonged pain in the upper abdomen, especially on the right side, may be related to gallstones and requires medical evaluation. Abdominal ultrasound is often used to check for gallstones.

• If there is severe abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, or chills, seek medical attention immediately as these could be signs of bile duct complications.

Prioritize evidence-based liver care

• If the goal is at-home liver detoxification, there is no need to find a special lying position. Experts recommend focusing on a balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol, and avoiding self-use of products or supplements advertised as "liver detox."

Step 5: No need for enemas for "liver detoxification"

Do not use enemas after performing a liver flush

• Instructions to use medication or enema solution the next morning to "increase purification effectiveness" have no scientific basis. Liver detoxification, liver cleansing, or "gallbladder cleansing" methods using juice and olive oil have not been proven to treat or remove gallstones.

• Therefore, enemas should not be considered a mandatory step in at-home liver purification or used solely to try to expel what are believed to be "toxins."

Enemas should only be performed when medically indicated

• In medicine, enemas can be used in specific situations, such as to aid colon cleansing before certain tests. In such cases, medical staff will provide guidance on how to perform them and appropriate monitoring.

• Do not self-administer enemas as a method of liver detoxification or "total body cleansing."

• If constipated, identify the cause and choose appropriate measures instead of assuming an enema is needed.

Do not confuse bowel movements with the detoxification process

• Having a bowel movement after using olive oil or performing a "flush" does not prove that the liver has been cleansed. The Mayo Clinic notes that substances resembling gallstones after these methods may actually be blocks formed from oil, juice, and other materials.

• Therefore, the number of bowel movements or the amount of waste after liver purification is not a reliable criterion for evaluating whether the liver is healthier.

See a doctor if unusual symptoms appear

• If, after performing a liver detoxification method, you experience persistent abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, rectal bleeding, or inability to have a bowel movement or pass gas, you should be evaluated by medical personnel instead of continuing to self-treat at home.

• If gallstones are suspected, seek medical attention to determine the cause and choose an evidence-based treatment method instead of continuing at-home liver detoxification procedures.

Method 2: Liver Detoxification with Olive Oil Without Enema

Step 1: Do not continue "flushing" for liver detoxification

Do not repeat the "liver purification" process

• Continuing the steps of the juice and olive oil mixture and replacing enemas with another "dietary therapy" still falls under the category of liver flush or alternative liver detoxification methods.

• There is currently no reliable evidence to show that these methods prevent or treat gallstones or improve liver disease. The Mayo Clinic also warns that they can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

Do not replace enemas with another detox regimen

• Changing from enemas to another dietary method does not make the at-home liver detoxification process safe or demonstrably effective.

• The body does not need enemas or "cleansing" regimens to eliminate toxins. The Mayo Clinic states that colon cleansing has no evidence of removing toxins, and the procedure itself can cause abdominal cramping, bloating, diarrhea, or vomiting.

• Therefore, you should not continue a series of liver and gallbladder purifications just to try to induce more bowel movements.

If gallstones are suspected, get checked instead of self-"flushing"

• Gallstones may be asymptomatic and often do not require treatment if they are not causing problems. But when stones obstruct the bile duct, patients may experience pain in the upper right abdomen and require medical evaluation.

• Ultrasound is one of the best imaging tools to detect gallstones. If symptomatic gallstones are indeed present, the doctor will choose an appropriate treatment method instead of relying on juice and olive oil liver detoxification methods.

Prioritize evidence-based liver care

• If the goal is liver detoxification, focus on habits beneficial for liver health instead of multi-step detox procedures:

  • Eat a balanced diet, prioritizing vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.

  • Limit high-sugar foods and excess fructose sources.

  • Maintain a healthy weight and avoid rapid weight loss.

  • Limit or avoid alcohol.

Seek medical attention if unusual symptoms occur

• If, after performing a liver detoxification method, you experience prolonged abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, or chills, jaundice, tea-colored urine, or light-colored stools, seek prompt medical attention. These could be signs of complications related to the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas.

Step 2: Do not drink salt water for "liver detoxification"

Do not use salt water for liver purification

• Instructions to drink concentrated salt water in the morning to stimulate bowel movements are a form of detox/cleanse, but there is no convincing evidence to show that this method helps with liver detoxification, liver cleansing, or gallbladder cleansing. NCCIH states that "detox" programs currently lack convincing evidence of their ability to remove toxins from the body.

• Therefore, salt water or lemon water should not be considered a scientifically proven at-home liver purification method.

Do not self-administer large amounts of salt water

• Drinking a large amount of fluid with a high salt concentration can disrupt water and electrolyte balance. NCCIH warns that detox programs can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, especially when combined with measures that cause diarrhea or fasting.

• The risk is more notable in people with kidney disease, heart disease, or those taking certain medications. Therefore, you should not try salt water recipes to "cleanse" the body yourself.

No need to force bowel movements to detoxify

• Frequent bowel movements after drinking salt water do not mean the liver has been cleansed. The digestive system is already responsible for processing and eliminating waste; there is no evidence to suggest that colon cleansing is needed to remove common “toxins.”

• If the goal is at-home liver detoxification, a safer approach is to maintain a balanced diet, drink enough water as needed, and avoid extreme detox methods, rather than trying to induce strong bowel movements.

Prioritize liver care with sustainable habits

• Instead of performing multiple steps of liver cleansing, focus on factors that provide long-term health benefits:

  • Eat a diverse diet and ensure adequate nutrient intake.

  • Do not fast or follow an extremely low-calorie diet.

  • Drink water according to your body's needs.

  • Consult a healthcare professional before using products or regimens advertised as "detox."

Step 3: No need for dieting to “expel gallstones”

Do not eat only vegetables and broth to "detoxify the liver"

• Switching to a diet of only vegetables and broth for an entire day to await the passage of "gallstones" in the stool has no scientific basis. Such methods of liver detoxification, liver cleansing, or liver purification have not been proven to treat or eliminate gallstones.

• Specifically, one should not fast or restrict food excessively solely to stimulate the gallbladder. Diets that are too low in calories or rapid weight loss can increase the risk of gallstone formation.

Cannot confirm gallstone expulsion via stool

• If unusual lumps or particles appear in the stool after an at-home liver cleanse, this does not prove that gallstones have been expelled.

• The Mayo Clinic states that the "stones" seen after gallbladder cleansing methods may actually be clumps formed from oil, juice, and other matter, not actual gallstones.

If you have gallstones, identify and treat the correct cause

• Asymptomatic gallstones usually do not require treatment. However, if stones cause bile duct obstruction or symptoms appear, the patient needs to be evaluated by a doctor instead of continuing with at-home liver detoxification.

• Medically established treatment methods may include cholecystectomy or some non-surgical methods in appropriate cases.

Prioritize a balanced diet

• If the goal is to support liver and gallbladder health, choose a varied diet instead of just vegetables and broth:

  • Increase fiber-rich foods.

  • Prioritize healthy fats in appropriate amounts.

  • Limit sugar and refined carbohydrates.

  • If weight loss is needed, lose weight gradually and maintain regular physical activity.

Seek medical attention for warning signs

• Upper abdominal pain lasting for several hours, nausea or vomiting, fever, chills, jaundice, tea-colored urine, or pale stools can be signs of gallstone complications.

• When these symptoms appear, do not continue with at-home liver detox methods and seek early medical examination.

Method 3: Simple at-home liver cleanse with fresh apples

Step 1: Do not "detoxify the liver" with apples

Do not perform a liver flush with apples

• Drinking a large amount of apple juice or apple products to perform liver detoxification, liver cleansing, or liver purification is not a proven method for treating gallstones.

• “Detox” programs lack convincing evidence of their ability to remove toxins from the body. Therefore, apple-based liver detoxification should not be considered a substitute for medical care and treatment.

Individuals with metabolic diseases need even more caution

• The original content warns individuals with diabetes or hypoglycemia not to perform this method. In practice, it is important not to ingest a large amount of juice or sugar in a short period when managing blood sugar.

• If you have diabetes, are being treated for a metabolic condition, or have a special diet, you should consult your doctor before making significant dietary changes.

No need to eliminate all fruit from your diet

• Apples can still be part of a balanced diet. The problem lies in consuming large amounts of juice or following a monotonous diet for the purpose of at-home liver cleansing.

• Instead of a rapid “detox,” maintain a diverse, fiber-rich diet, limiting sugar and refined carbohydrates. These principles can also help reduce the risk of gallstones.

Do not use liver flush to treat gallstones

• If you already know you have gallstones, do not attempt liver detoxification with apple juice to dissolve or expel them.

• Symptomatic gallstones may require medical treatment; depending on the case, a doctor may recommend surgical removal of the gallbladder, ERCP, or some non-surgical treatments.

Do not ignore warning signs

• If you experience upper abdominal pain lasting for several hours, nausea or vomiting, fever, chills, jaundice, tea-colored urine, or pale stools, seek medical attention instead of continuing at-home liver detoxification.

• These symptoms may be related to bile duct obstruction or gallstone complications and require timely evaluation.

Step 2: Do not fast from apple juice to “detoxify the liver”

Do not fast for 2 days on only apple juice

• The guideline of continuously drinking apple juice for 2 days to “dissolve gallstones” falls under the category of liver flush, but there is no reliable scientific evidence to prove that this method can dissolve or expel gallstones.

• Specifically, prolonged fasting is not a medically recommended method for liver detoxification, liver cleansing, or liver purification. Prolonged fasting and rapid weight loss can increase the risk of gallstone formation.

Do not consider malic acid in apples a stone-dissolving medicine

• Apples contain malic acid, but the presence of malic acid in food does not mean apple juice has the ability to break down gallstones in the body.

• Claims about liver detoxification with apple juice need to be distinguished from evidence from clinical studies in humans. "Natural" also does not mean "proven effective" or "safe."

Do not drink large amounts of juice instead of meals

• Drinking large amounts of apple juice throughout the day can make your diet unbalanced, especially if you eat almost no other food.

• If you are managing blood sugar, have a digestive condition, liver disease, or are taking medication, you should especially not self-administer a prolonged at-home liver cleanse without consulting a healthcare professional.

Do not use liver flush to treat gallstones

• If you suspect or have been diagnosed with gallstones, do not try liver detoxification with apple juice as a substitute for examination and treatment.

• Gallstones may be asymptomatic, but when they cause obstruction or complications, they need to be evaluated and treated appropriately. Prolonged fasting can also increase the risk of gallstones by affecting cholesterol secretion into bile and gallbladder emptying capacity.

Prioritize safer liver care methods

• Instead of seeking a rapid liver detoxification process, maintain a diverse, nutritious diet, engage in appropriate physical activity, and avoid unproven detox methods.

• If considering a supplemental method or special diet, consult a healthcare professional to assess the benefits and risks for your specific health condition. NCCIH emphasizes that many supplemental methods lack sufficient evidence of effectiveness and some may pose risks.

Step 3: Do not drink oil to "detoxify the liver"

Do not drink a mixture of olive oil and citrus juice

• Drinking a large amount of olive oil combined with lemon or grapefruit juice is a step in the promoted liver flush method intended to dissolve and expel gallstones.

• However, there is no reliable evidence to suggest that this method can treat or prevent gallstones. The Mayo Clinic also does not recommend liver detoxification, liver cleansing, or liver purification by this method.

Do not endure nausea after a "flush"

• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain can occur when performing gallbladder cleansing methods. These are not signs that the liver or gallbladder is being “cleansed.”

• If these symptoms appear, do not try to continue drinking with the thought that you need to “endure until the process is complete.”

Do not use olive oil to dissolve gallstones

• Olive oil can have a laxative effect, but there is no evidence that it can dissolve gallstones.

• Stone-like masses appearing in the stool after performing an at-home liver cleanse may actually be a mixture of oil, juice, and other matter, not expelled gallstones.

If gallstones are suspected, get checked instead of self-"flushing"

• Asymptomatic gallstones often do not require treatment. But if stones cause pain or complications, they need to be evaluated by a doctor, and an appropriate treatment method selected.

• Therefore, liver detoxification with olive oil and lemon should not be used as a substitute for diagnosing or treating gallstones.

Prioritize evidence-based liver care

• Instead of performing a liver cleanse process with juice and olive oil, maintain a diverse, nutritious diet and avoid prolonged “juice cleanses.” The Mayo Clinic notes that juice-only diets do not provide complete nutrition and lack strong evidence of their ability to remove toxins.

• If you have symptoms suggestive of gallstones or liver disease, consult a healthcare professional instead of self-administering at-home liver detoxification methods.

Step 4: No need to sleep immediately after a "liver flush"

No evidence of needing to go to sleep immediately after drinking the mixture

• Some liver detoxification guidelines recommend going to sleep immediately after drinking olive oil and citrus juice, and lying on your side to “support the cleansing process.” However, there is no reliable scientific evidence to suggest that the time of sleep or sleeping position can help detoxify the liver, dissolve, or expel gallstones.

• Liver cleansing methods using olive oil and juice have not been proven effective in treating gallstones.

Do not fast for 36 hours to prepare for "liver detoxification"

• Prolonged fasting before performing a liver flush is not a medically necessary step. Long-term fasting can cause energy deficiency, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalances in some individuals.

• Furthermore, prolonged fasting or rapid weight loss can increase the risk of gallstone formation.

No need to lie on your side to “expel stones”

• The right-sided sleeping position has not been proven to help the gallbladder "expel" stones. If you are nauseous or uncomfortable after drinking the oil and juice mixture, you should stop the process instead of trying to maintain the position or continue drinking.

• Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain can occur after gallbladder cleansing methods and are not signs of a successful “detox” process.

If gallstones are suspected, get checked instead of self-"flushing"

• Symptomatic gallstones usually present with upper abdominal pain, which may specifically be in the upper right side or middle of the abdomen. A doctor can use ultrasound and appropriate tests to identify the cause.

• If you have severe or prolonged abdominal pain, fever, chills, jaundice, dark urine, or frequent vomiting, seek early medical attention as these could be signs of bile duct complications.

Step 5: Do not drink salt water to expel gallstones

Do not use salt water to "detoxify the liver"

• The instruction to drink salt water on the morning of the third day and then continue eating vegetables and broth to "expel gallstones" lacks reliable scientific basis.

• Methods of liver detoxification, liver cleansing, or liver purification using salt water, lemon juice, and severely restricted diets have not been proven to cleanse the liver or remove gallstones.

Do not try to induce bowel movements to expel stones

• Frequent bowel movements after drinking salt water do not prove that gallstones have been expelled. Abnormal substances appearing in the stool after a “flush” cannot be identified as gallstones by visual inspection alone.

• The Mayo Clinic notes that stone-like masses appearing after an at-home liver cleanse may be formed from oil, juice, and other matter in the digestive tract.

Do not continue fasting or eating too restrictively

• Eating only vegetables and broth for a prolonged period can lead to a diet lacking essential energy and nutrients.

• Specifically, prolonged fasting or rapid weight loss can increase the risk of gallstone formation. Therefore, this is not a safe liver detoxification method to apply periodically.

No basis to claim "stone passage" on the third or fourth day

• The timing of bowel movements cannot be used to confirm that gallstones have been expelled. If gallstones are truly present, medical diagnostic methods are needed to determine their location and condition.

• When stones cause symptoms or complications, a doctor can choose appropriate treatment methods instead of relying on liver cleansing with salt water or other detox formulas.

Seek medical attention for warning signs

• If, after performing at-home liver detoxification, you experience severe or prolonged abdominal pain, frequent vomiting, fever, chills, jaundice, dark urine, or pale stools, seek early medical attention.

• These could be signs of stone-related bile duct obstruction or complications involving the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas.

Safety notes for "liver detoxification"

Coffee may be linked to liver health

• Some observational studies suggest that coffee consumption is associated with better liver health in certain populations. However, this does not mean that coffee can replace liver disease treatment or help "detoxify the liver."

• Therefore, coffee should not be included in a liver cleanse regimen with the goal of cleansing the liver or expelling gallstones.

Do not detox when sick

• If you are sick, experiencing digestive symptoms, or have an unstable health condition, you should not fast or suddenly change your diet for liver detoxification.

• Detox methods can cause side effects and there is no reliable evidence to prove their ability to remove toxins from the body.

• If you are being treated for an illness or taking medication, you should consult your doctor before adopting any diet, supplement, or at-home liver detox method.

Do not perform procedures like enemas yourself

• Enemas are not a necessary step for liver cleansing. In particular, you should not perform this procedure yourself solely to increase the effectiveness of a "liver flush" process.

• Self-administering inappropriate cleansing methods can cause complications. If a medical procedure is truly necessary, it should be performed under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Do not try to endure diarrhea after drinking a lot of olive oil

• Olive oil can have a laxative effect, and gallbladder cleansing methods using olive oil can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

• If you experience diarrhea, prioritize drinking enough water to avoid dehydration; do not continue to drink more olive oil with the thought that diarrhea is a sign of successful liver detoxification.

• If diarrhea is severe, prolonged, or accompanied by significant abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, fever, or other unusual symptoms, you need assistance from an adult and healthcare professionals.

Do not confuse "natural" with "safe"

• A method or product advertised as natural does not mean it has been proven safe and effective. NCCIH notes that many supplementary products and methods still lack evidence of efficacy and can cause side effects or interact with medications.

• For the purpose of liver detoxification, a safer approach is to care for overall health and find the specific cause if there are liver or gallbladder symptoms, rather than performing multi-step "flush" procedures.

References

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2. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2025). Detoxes and cleanses: What you need to know. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
3. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2024). Gallstones. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
4. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2024). Treatment of gallstones. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
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9. Linden-Torres, E., Zambrano-Galván, G., Sahebkar, A., Ríos-Mier, M., & Simental-Mendía, L. E. (2022). Coffee consumption has no effect on circulating markers of liver function but increases adiponectin concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Research, 106, 24–34.
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Content editor: Rowan Hudson Le.

Information consulted and verified by expert: Harper Martinez.