Healing Damaged Stomach Lining: 17 Natural Home Remedies

Burning pain in the upper abdomen, bloating, nausea, or discomfort after eating can be signs of gastric mucosal inflammation, which makes the mucosal lining susceptible to damage and affects digestion. According to a review published in The Lancet, chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori affects approximately half of the world's population, indicating it is not an uncommon problem.

The good news is that restoring the gastric lining is not solely dependent on medication. Adjusting your diet, limiting irritating factors, and adopting appropriate lifestyle habits can support the healing process. In this article, Tiptory compiles 17 scientifically-backed methods to treat gastritis and protect the gastric lining, helping you know where to start and what habits to change.

Eating correctly to heal your stomach

Prioritize easily digestible foods

• When experiencing gastric mucosal inflammation, prioritize soft, well-cooked, and easily digestible dishes such as porridge, soup, soft-cooked vegetables, or simply prepared fish or meat. This way of eating can help reduce post-meal discomfort, especially for those prone to bloating or early satiety.

• There's no need for excessive dietary restrictions. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), diet is not the primary cause of most cases of gastritis. Therefore, instead of eliminating a wide range of foods, identify which items actually worsen your symptoms and limit them.

Divide meals throughout the day

• Instead of three large meals, you can divide your intake into 5–6 smaller meals if this makes you feel more comfortable. Eating moderate portions at each meal and eating slowly can reduce feelings of overfullness, bloating, or post-meal discomfort.

• Avoid trying to eat too much in one sitting with the goal of "nourishing" your stomach. A regular, adequate, and appropriate diet for your digestive capacity is often more practical for the process of restoring the gastric lining. The NIDDK also notes that eating small, frequent meals can help reduce some digestive symptoms in people with bloating.

Limit foods that worsen symptoms

• Monitor your body's reaction after eating. If a certain food or drink regularly increases abdominal pain, burning, bloating, or indigestion, temporarily reduce or avoid its consumption.

• Alcohol is one of the substances that can irritate and damage the gastric lining. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are also a significant cause of stomach damage, so they should not be used long-term without medical supervision.

Supplement probiotic-rich foods appropriately

• Some fermented foods like kimchi or kombucha contain live microorganisms, but these should not be considered a direct method to treat gastritis or heal the gastric lining.

• If eating fermented foods causes you more bloating, abdominal pain, or discomfort, reduce the amount or stop consuming them. The NIDDK recommends consulting your doctor before taking probiotics or supplements, especially if you have a digestive condition.

Do not rely solely on diet to treat gastritis

• A proper diet mainly helps reduce irritating factors and supports the body in the process of restoring the gastric lining, but it does not replace treatment for the underlying cause.

• If gastric mucosal inflammation is related to H. pylori bacteria, your doctor may need to prescribe a combination of antibiotics with acid-reducing medications and other drugs. Treating the correct cause helps alleviate symptoms and reduce complications.

• If persistent epigastric pain, vomiting, unexplained weight loss, black stools, vomiting blood, or coffee-ground-like material occurs, seek medical attention promptly instead of trying to treat gastritis at home. These could be signs of injury or gastrointestinal bleeding.

Part 1: Restoring the gastric lining through diet

Method 1: Probiotics can support the stomach

Supplement probiotic-rich foods

• Probiotics are live microorganisms, including certain strains of bacteria or yeast, that can provide health benefits when consumed in appropriate amounts. Some studies suggest that probiotics can help balance the gut microbiota, especially during treatment for H. pylori infection. However, current evidence is not sufficient to confirm that probiotics can directly restore the gastric lining or treat gastritis.

• You can supplement probiotics from fermented foods like kimchi, sauerkraut, yogurt, or some non-dairy yogurt products. Start with small amounts and monitor your body's reaction, especially if you are experiencing gastric mucosal inflammation, bloating, or indigestion.

Prioritize stomach-friendly foods

• Not all fermented foods are suitable for everyone. Kimchi or other spicy, sour fermented dishes can cause some people to experience more stomach pain, burning, or discomfort. If you notice an increase in symptoms after eating, reduce the amount or temporarily stop instead of trying to consume them for probiotic benefits.

• Kombucha and other fermented beverages are also not mandatory choices. Especially, if the product is highly acidic or contains a lot of sugar, use caution when your stomach is sensitive.

Consider probiotics when treating H. pylori

• If gastric mucosal inflammation is related to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), probiotics can be considered as a supportive measure in addition to standard treatment regimens. A 2024 review synthesizing 28 meta-analyses from 534 randomized trials showed that probiotic supplementation with standard treatment was associated with higher H. pylori eradication rates and fewer side effects, but the quality of many analyses is still limited.

• Another meta-analysis in 2024 also showed that Lactobacillus supplementation can support H. pylori treatment and reduce some gastrointestinal side effects. However, the effectiveness depends on the specific probiotic strain, dosage, and treatment regimen.

Do not self-prescribe fixed probiotic doses

• There is no strong scientific basis to apply a general rule of "take 1–2 probiotic capsules, 3–4 times per week" for all people with gastritis. The effectiveness of probiotics depends on the strain, concentration, and specific health condition; the results of one product cannot be automatically applied to another.

• If you wish to use probiotics to support stomach health, choose products that clearly state the microbial strain and concentration, and consult your doctor or pharmacist if you are treating H. pylori, using antibiotics, or have other digestive conditions.

Probiotics do not replace gastritis treatment

• The goal of restoring the gastric lining is primarily to control the cause of the damage. If H. pylori is present, eradication treatment according to an appropriate regimen is needed; probiotics should only be considered a supportive measure in some cases. Current research does not support using probiotics alone to replace medication for H. pylori.

• Therefore, if you are looking for ways to treat gastritis at home, view probiotics as a small part of an overall care regimen rather than a "cure" for the stomach. Eating appropriately, avoiding factors that worsen symptoms, and treating the correct cause remain important foundations.

Method 2: Eat soft foods to reduce the burden on the stomach

Prioritize soft, well-cooked foods

• When experiencing gastric mucosal inflammation, prioritize soft, well-cooked, and easy-to-chew foods such as porridge, soup, soft-cooked potatoes, eggs, tofu, oats, or dishes with a soft texture. This cooking method makes meals easier to chew and digest, and can reduce discomfort for some people.

• However, there is no evidence to suggest that everyone with gastritis needs to adopt a strict "bland" or low-fiber diet. According to NIDDK, diet is not the primary cause of most cases of gastritis. Therefore, you should adjust your diet based on foods that actually increase your symptoms rather than restricting excessively.

Limit spicy dishes and irritating foods

• During the period of restoring the gastric lining, you should reduce spicy, greasy dishes or foods that you notice often cause pain, burning, bloating, or indigestion.

• There's no need to eliminate a wide range of foods if they don't cause symptoms. The realistic goal is to build a nutritious diet that is still comfortable for the stomach.

Chew thoroughly before swallowing

• Chewing food thoroughly helps break it down into smaller pieces and mix it with saliva before it reaches the stomach. This simple habit can help the digestion process go more smoothly.

• Eat slowly, chew thoroughly, and avoid eating quickly. If you frequently experience bloating after meals, slowing down your eating pace can also help you recognize feelings of fullness earlier and avoid overeating in one sitting.

Choose soft but still nutritious foods

• Some easy options when experiencing stomach pain or adjusting your diet include:

  • Soft-cooked potatoes or root vegetables.

  • Well-cooked eggs.

  • Tofu.

  • Porridge or soup.

  • Soft-cooked oats.

  • Yogurt if well tolerated.

  • Peanut butter in appropriate amounts if it doesn't cause discomfort.

• Avoid consuming only liquid or pureed foods for prolonged periods unless medically indicated. When symptoms improve, you can gradually return to a more varied and balanced diet.

Eating soft foods does not replace gastritis treatment

• An appropriate diet primarily helps control symptoms and reduce discomfort; it is not a direct method to treat gastritis or heal the gastric lining in all cases.

• If the cause is related to H. pylori, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, or other medical conditions, the underlying cause needs to be addressed appropriately. Therefore, restoring the gastric lining depends not only on what you eat but also on identifying and controlling the factors causing the damage.

Method 3: Can collagen help heal the stomach?

Collagen should not be considered a stomach medicine

• Collagen is an important structural protein in the body, involved in the composition of many tissues. However, there is not enough clinical evidence to confirm that consuming a lot of collagen or taking collagen supplements can directly restore the gastric lining in people with gastric mucosal inflammation.

• Therefore, if you are looking for ways to treat gastritis, you should not consider collagen as the primary treatment or expect collagen to heal mucosal damage on its own.

Prioritize nutrient-rich protein sources

• Bone broth contains collagen and other proteins, but the actual collagen content varies significantly depending on the ingredients and preparation method. It can be used as part of a balanced diet if tolerated well.

• Instead of focusing solely on collagen, ensure your diet provides enough protein from appropriate sources such as fish, eggs, lean meat, tofu, and legumes. Protein provides the essential amino acids needed for tissue maintenance and repair.

Be cautious when taking collagen pills

• If you want to use collagen to support digestive health, check the ingredients, dosage, and usage instructions for each product. Collagen supplements vary in their source, form of collagen, and dosage.

• Do not increase the dose on your own with the thought that "the more you take, the faster your gastric lining will recover." Collagen supplements may also contain additives, sugar, or flavorings that are not suitable for some people with sensitive stomachs.

Focus on the cause of gastritis

• The gastric lining has complex protective and self-repair mechanisms. When experiencing gastric mucosal inflammation, it is more important to identify the damaging factors, such as H. pylori, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, or related medical conditions, than to simply supplement collagen.

• If H. pylori is present, eradication treatment as prescribed by a doctor is necessary. A nutritious diet rich in protein can support overall health but does not replace medication to treat the underlying cause.

View collagen as part of your diet, not a "cure"

• If you like bone broth or collagen-containing foods, you can include them in your diet in reasonable amounts. However, there is currently no strong scientific basis to recommend collagen as a specific method for treating gastritis at home.

• With the goal of restoring the gastric lining, a more practical approach is a balanced diet, sufficient protein and micronutrients, avoiding irritating factors, and treating the correct cause when a stomach condition is present.

Method 4: Should you avoid gluten and dairy?

Do not arbitrarily avoid gluten and dairy

• When experiencing gastric mucosal inflammation, not everyone needs to eliminate gluten or dairy products. The NIDDK states that diet does not play a significant role in most cases of gastritis, so excessive restriction may not be necessary.

• Instead of completely eliminating a food group, pay attention to which foods actually increase symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, nausea, or indigestion. You can keep a food diary to identify bothersome factors.

Only limit gluten when there is a proper reason

• Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. A gluten-free diet is a mandatory treatment for people with celiac disease, as gluten can damage the small intestinal lining in these individuals.

• If celiac disease is suspected, do not remove gluten from your diet before testing. Stopping gluten consumption before testing can affect the accuracy of diagnostic results.

• For people without celiac disease or gluten-related issues, there is currently no evidence to suggest that a general gluten-free diet helps restore the gastric lining or treat gastritis.

Adjust dairy if you are lactose intolerant

• If drinking milk often causes bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or nausea, the cause may be related to lactose intolerance rather than gastritis itself. In this case, you can reduce your lactose intake instead of necessarily eliminating all dairy products.

• Many people can still tolerate a certain amount of lactose. You can try small amounts with meals, or choose lactose-free milk, yogurt, and some hard cheeses that have lower lactose content.

Ensure adequate nutrition when restrictions are necessary

• If you have to eliminate dairy for a long time, pay attention to supplementing enough calcium and vitamin D from other sources such as calcium-fortified tofu, small fish with bones, green vegetables, or fortified alternative products.

• If following a gluten-free diet, prioritize naturally gluten-free foods such as rice, potatoes, meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, and fruits instead of relying too heavily on packaged "gluten-free" products. The NIDDK notes that some processed gluten-free products may contain more fat and sugar.

Focus on the cause to heal the stomach

• Restoring the gastric lining is not simply about eliminating gluten or dairy. If gastritis is related to H. pylori, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or other causes, the damaging factors need to be addressed correctly. Treatment is chosen based on the specific cause of the disease.

So, if you are looking for ways to treat gastritis at home, prioritize a balanced diet, restrict only foods that truly cause symptoms, and avoid eliminating multiple food groups without specific instructions. This is a more practical approach to both manage discomfort and minimize the risk of nutrient deficiencies.

Method 5: Limit high-fat and sugary foods

Reduce processed foods

• If you have gastric mucosal inflammation, you should limit processed foods such as fast food, processed meats, packaged foods, and high-fat dishes. These foods are not the main cause of most gastritis cases, but they can increase feelings of bloating, indigestion, or discomfort after eating for some people.

• Instead of completely cutting out all processed foods, prioritize fresh, minimally processed foods such as rice, vegetables, fish, eggs, lean meat, and tofu. This is a simple way to reduce unnecessary fats while maintaining a nutritionally adequate diet.

Limit high-fat dishes

• High-fat foods, especially fried or greasy dishes, can worsen indigestion symptoms in some people. A systematic review showed that dietary fat is associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia, including bloating and abdominal pain.

• If you frequently experience bloating, epigastric pain, or indigestion, try reducing fried foods, fatty meats, fast food, and high-fat sauces. You can switch to steaming, boiling, grilling, or stewing to make meals lighter.

Control added sugar intake

• It's not necessary to eliminate all sugar to heal the gastric lining. However, you should limit sugary drinks, candies, bubble tea, high-sugar desserts, and packaged foods with high added sugar content.

• When buying packaged foods, check the nutrition facts label and prioritize products with less added sugar. This also helps control overall energy intake and build a healthier diet.

Monitor foods that worsen symptoms

• Not all people with gastritis react the same way to the same food. NIDDK recommends paying attention to foods or drinks that genuinely worsen indigestion symptoms and adjusting the diet to each individual's needs.

• You can record what you ate and the symptoms that appeared within a few hours afterward. If a food consistently causes heartburn, bloating, or abdominal pain, reduce the portion size or temporarily stop eating it to assess the reaction.

Don't expect dieting to cure gastritis

• An appropriate diet primarily helps reduce symptoms and support gastric mucosal healing, but it cannot replace treating the underlying cause. NIDDK states that diet generally does not play a significant role in the cause of most gastritis cases.

• If treating gastritis is related to H. pylori, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, or other causes, the damaging factors need to be properly managed. In particular, H. pylori is a common cause of gastritis and needs appropriate treatment rather than just dietary changes.

• Therefore, the realistic goal is not "dieting for the stomach to heal itself," but rather to reduce foods that worsen symptoms, maintain a balanced diet, and treat the underlying cause. This is a safer foundation for the process of gastric mucosal healing.

Method 6: Limit spicy foods when your stomach is sensitive

Reduce spicy foods if they increase symptoms

• If you have gastric mucosal inflammation, you can temporarily reduce spicy foods if they worsen epigastric pain, heartburn, bloating, or discomfort after eating. However, there is no evidence that all people with gastritis must completely eliminate spicy foods. NIDDK states that diet generally does not play a significant role in the cause of most gastritis cases.

• Identify foods that irritate your stomach yourself instead of applying the same list of restrictions to everyone. If a particular spice or spicy dish consistently worsens your symptoms, you should reduce the amount or temporarily stop using it.

Prioritize mild spices during periods of stomach discomfort

• When aiming to heal the gastric lining, you can opt for simple cooking methods with mild spices and reduce the amount of chili, satay, or spicy sauces if they cause discomfort.

• There's no need to make meals overly bland like a "hospital menu" if your body tolerates them well. The goal is to eat enough nutrients and limit factors that truly worsen symptoms.

Monitor reactions after eating

• Each person may react differently to the same food. If you suspect spicy food is the culprit, record what you ate, the quantity, and the symptoms that appeared afterward.

• If symptoms decrease when you limit spicy food, you can continue to reduce the amount for a period. When your stomach is more stable, you can try each type again in small amounts to determine the appropriate tolerance level.

Don't confuse irritation with the cause of gastritis

• Spicy foods can make some people's stomachs more uncomfortable, but treating gastritis is not simply about eliminating chili or spicy seasonings. Important causes include H. pylori, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, and certain other medical conditions.

• If gastritis is caused by H. pylori, the infection needs to be treated according to an appropriate regimen; dietary changes cannot replace causal treatment.

Adjust just enough to support recovery

• Instead of completely avoiding all spicy foods for a long time, apply a simple principle: reduce or avoid foods that worsen symptoms. This approach makes the diet easier to maintain and reduces the risk of unnecessary restrictions.

• If epigastric pain or discomfort is prolonged, accompanied by vomiting, weight loss, or signs of bleeding such as vomiting blood, coffee-ground vomit, or black stools, you should seek medical attention instead of just adjusting your diet at home. These could be signs of damage or gastrointestinal bleeding.

Method 7: Divide meals into smaller portions to reduce discomfort

Eat small portions instead of overeating

• If you have gastric mucosal inflammation or frequently experience bloating, early satiety, and discomfort after eating, try dividing your meals into several small portions instead of three overly large meals. Some guidelines for functional dyspepsia also recommend eating regularly, avoiding overeating, and prioritizing small, frequent meals.

• You can start with 4–6 small meals a day, depending on your needs and tolerance. It's not necessary to eat exactly every 2–3 hours or force yourself to eat 5–6 meals if it doesn't feel right.

Eat slowly and chew thoroughly

• Eat moderate amounts at each meal, eat slowly, and chew thoroughly before swallowing. This is especially helpful if you often feel food "lingering" in your stomach or get full quickly after eating.

• Some literature on upper gastrointestinal disorders suggests that small portions, frequent eating, and thorough chewing are often used to reduce digestive burden, especially in people with conditions that slow gastric emptying.

No need to force yourself to eat too many meals

• Dividing meals into smaller portions is a supportive measure for symptom control, not a mandatory rule for gastric mucosal healing. Evidence for specialized diets in dyspepsia is still limited, and excessive dieting or restriction can lead to nutritional deficiencies.

• If you can still eat comfortably with three main meals and do not experience bloating, early satiety, or post-meal pain, it's not necessary to switch to 5–6 meals.

Adjust according to individual symptoms

• Try dividing your meals into smaller portions for a few days and monitor symptoms such as stomach pain, epigastric heartburn, bloating, nausea, or feeling overly full.

• If symptoms improve, you can continue this eating pattern. If there's no improvement, don't continue to mechanically reduce portion sizes or increase the number of meals. Your diet should be adjusted based on your actual symptoms and nutritional status.

Don't confuse dividing meals with gastritis treatment

• Dividing meals can help some people reduce post-meal discomfort, but it does not directly treat gastritis or eliminate the cause of mucosal damage.

• If symptoms are prolonged or recur, especially with epigastric pain, early satiety, weight loss, or vomiting, the cause should be evaluated. For people with indigestion, professional guidelines specifically advise testing and treating H. pylori if an infection is detected.

Method 8: Reduce caffeine for a more comfortable stomach

Reduce coffee, tea, and caffeinated beverages

• If you have gastric mucosal inflammation and notice that coffee or tea increases epigastric pain, heartburn, nausea, or discomfort, try reducing your caffeine intake for a few days to a few weeks to monitor your body's reaction. Caffeine is not the cause of most gastritis cases, but some caffeinated beverages can worsen digestive symptoms in some individuals.

• Besides coffee and tea, caffeine can also be found in some soft drinks, energy drinks, and other beverages. Therefore, if you are looking to heal your gastric lining, check the ingredients instead of just focusing on your morning cup of coffee.

No need to completely eliminate caffeine

• There is no evidence that all people with gastritis must completely abstain from caffeine. A more practical approach is to determine if caffeine genuinely triggers or worsens your symptoms.

• If drinking coffee does not cause discomfort, you do not necessarily have to eliminate it completely. Conversely, if you experience abdominal pain, heartburn, or indigestion every time you drink it, reducing or temporarily stopping may help control symptoms better.

Try switching to low-caffeine or caffeine-free beverages

• If you are used to drinking coffee or tea daily, you can gradually reduce your intake instead of stopping abruptly. For example, reduce the number of cups per day or switch to decaf to help your body adapt more easily.

• Gradual reduction also helps minimize symptoms from sudden caffeine withdrawal such as headaches, drowsiness, or fatigue.

Monitor your stomach's reaction

• While reducing caffeine, pay attention to symptoms such as stomach pain, epigastric heartburn, bloating, nausea, or indigestion. NIDDK notes that triggers for symptoms can vary between individuals, so monitoring your personal reactions is more valuable than a one-size-fits-all list of restrictions.

• If symptoms significantly improve after reducing caffeine, you can continue to limit it. If there is no change, do not automatically eliminate more and more foods solely with the goal of treating gastritis.

Don't confuse reducing caffeine with treating the cause

• Reducing caffeine can help some people manage digestive discomfort, but it is not a direct method to heal the gastric lining or eliminate the cause of inflammation. Most cases of gastritis are not caused by diet; H. pylori, NSAIDs, alcohol, and certain other medical conditions are important causes that need to be evaluated.

• If symptoms are prolonged or recur, especially with weight loss, vomiting, vomiting blood, or black stools, you should see a doctor to determine the cause instead of just adjusting caffeine at home.

Method 9: Stop alcohol to protect your stomach

Avoid alcohol when the gastric lining is damaged

• If you have gastric mucosal inflammation, you should stop drinking alcohol, especially if you experience epigastric pain or heartburn. Alcohol is one of the substances that can directly irritate and damage the gastric lining, causing gastritis or erosive gastropathy.

• NIDDK notes that consuming large amounts of alcohol can cause acute erosive gastropathy, where the lining may develop erosions, ulcers, and bleeding. Therefore, if the goal is to heal the gastric lining, eliminating alcohol is a practical and beneficial change.

Don't just reduce, but temporarily stop completely

• If the stomach is inflamed or damaged, experts recommend prioritizing stopping alcohol consumption rather than just switching to lower-alcohol beverages. This helps eliminate an irritant from the healing process.

• It's important to note that beer, wine, and spirits all contain ethanol. Therefore, you should not assume that one alcoholic beverage will be "gentler on the stomach" just because its alcohol content is lower.

Do not drink alcohol when experiencing symptoms

• If you experience stomach pain, epigastric heartburn, nausea, bloating, or discomfort after drinking alcohol, stop drinking and monitor your symptoms.

• Do not use alcohol to "stimulate digestion" or drink a small amount before meals when trying to treat gastritis at home. Alcohol can continue to irritate the lining rather than help the stomach recover.

Stop alcohol but still need to find the cause of inflammation

• Quitting alcohol can help eliminate a damaging factor, but it does not mean that all cases of gastric mucosal inflammation will heal on their own. H. pylori is a common cause, in addition to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bile reflux, and certain other medical conditions.

• If gastritis is caused by H. pylori, it needs to be treated with medication according to an appropriate regimen; dietary changes or quitting alcohol cannot replace bacterial eradication treatment.

Pay special attention to signs of bleeding

• If you experience vomiting blood, coffee-ground vomit, black stools, or accompanying dizziness, severe fatigue, shortness of breath, seek immediate medical help. These could be signs of gastrointestinal bleeding due to mucosal damage or ulcers.

• In summary, during the process of healing the gastric lining, stopping alcohol consumption is a simple but important step. However, to effectively treat gastritis, it is necessary to identify and treat the underlying cause rather than just relying on dietary changes.

Part 2: Lifestyle changes to help heal the gastric lining

Method 1: Reduce stress to support your stomach

Actively reduce stress

• Prolonged stress can affect the connection between the brain and the digestive system, thereby making symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, or indigestion more pronounced in some people. Research also shows that psychological stress is associated with changes in the gut microbiome, although this relationship is still being studied.

• Therefore, if you have gastric mucosal inflammation or frequently experience epigastric discomfort, don't just focus on your diet. Stress management is a noteworthy part of a lifestyle that supports gastric mucosal healing, especially when stress exacerbates your digestive symptoms.

Moderate daily exercise

• You can start by walking for about 20–30 minutes daily, light cycling, yoga, or activities that you find easy to maintain. A systematic review from 2025 shows that moderate-intensity exercise is generally beneficial for digestive function and can support the regulation of the gut-brain axis.

• There's no need to exercise intensely to "force" the body to recover. Excessive or prolonged exercise can cause nausea, abdominal pain, and digestive disorders, especially in people who already have digestive problems.

Practice deep breathing and relaxation

• When feeling stressed, take a few minutes to sit still, relax your shoulders, and take slow, deep breaths. The goal is not to "cure gastritis with breathing" but to help your body shift into a more relaxed state.

• You can also try meditation, yoga, massage, or a relaxing activity that you truly enjoy. The important thing is to choose a method that you can maintain regularly, rather than turning stress reduction into a new, pressure-inducing task.

Create breaks for your body and mind

• Make time for activities that help you temporarily step away from work and stressful thoughts, such as walking, reading, tending to plants, listening to music, or pursuing a new hobby.

• If you often eat in a hurry or while stressed, try to create a calmer environment for meals. This can help you eat slowly, chew thoroughly, and be more aware of your fullness cues.

Don't assume stress is the only cause

• Reducing stress can help manage symptoms, but it does not mean curing gastritis. Causes such as H. pylori, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, and other medical conditions still need to be evaluated and treated appropriately.

• If epigastric pain or discomfort is prolonged, recurs frequently, or if unusual signs appear, a medical examination is recommended to determine the cause. The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) also recommends medical evaluation when digestive symptoms are frequent or severe.

Focus on consistency rather than perfection

• To support stomach lining recovery, start with small things: daily walks, adequate sleep and rest, a few minutes of relaxation, and reducing controllable sources of stress.

• The stomach doesn't need an "overhaul" overnight. A stable lifestyle, less alcohol, proper diet, and knowing how to reduce stress are more realistic than finding a single method to cure gastritis.

Method 2: Exercise moderately to avoid irritating the stomach

Do not over-exercise when your stomach is upset

• Exercise is generally beneficial for health, but high-intensity or prolonged training can cause digestive symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, heartburn, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. This effect is especially common during high-intensity endurance training.

• Therefore, if you have gastric mucosal inflammation and notice increased symptoms during exercise, reduce the intensity instead of trying to maintain your usual performance. For example, if long-distance running causes abdominal pain, you can temporarily switch to brisk walking or lighter running.

Prioritize light to moderate exercise

• When your stomach is sensitive, choose easily controllable activities such as walking, light cycling, yoga, or moderate-intensity exercises.

• Current evidence suggests that light to moderate exercise is generally better tolerated, while over-exercising can disrupt gastrointestinal function.

• The goal of exercise at this time is not to "force" the body to recover the stomach lining faster, but to maintain physical activity without worsening digestive symptoms.

Reduce intensity immediately when symptoms appear

• During exercise, if you start to experience stomach pain, nausea, burning in the epigastrium, dizziness, or unusual discomfort, slow down or stop the exercise to rest.

• Do not try to finish the workout just because you set a goal beforehand. Your body is sending signals like warning lights on a dashboard; ignoring these signals can prolong discomfort.

Pay attention to hydration and timing of exercise

• Dehydration and over-exercising can contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms during physical activity. Studies on exercise-induced gastrointestinal disorders show that reducing intensity and staying adequately hydrated can help limit symptoms.

• Avoid exercising too strenuously immediately after a large meal if you often experience bloating or epigastric pain. Give your body time to digest and choose an exercise time that suits your tolerance.

Do not stop exercising completely unless necessary

• Gastritis does not mean you have to rest and avoid all physical activity. The important thing is to adjust the intensity, duration, and type of exercise according to your symptoms.

• If light exercise is still comfortable, you can maintain your daily activities. When symptoms stabilize, you can gradually increase the duration or intensity instead of immediately returning to strenuous workouts.

Severe pain or unusual signs require medical attention

• If you experience severe abdominal pain during exercise, pain that does not subside after rest, or recurring symptoms, you should stop exercising and seek medical attention to find the cause. Abdominal pain during exercise should not be automatically attributed to "weak stomach."

• Especially, if you have vomiting blood, coffee-ground vomit, or black stools, immediate medical attention is needed as these can be signs of gastrointestinal bleeding.

• More importantly, exercise is only one part of the process of treating gastritis. If there is H. pylori, NSAID use, alcohol, or other medical causes, the cause needs to be identified and addressed appropriately, instead of just adjusting exercise habits.

Method 3: Quit smoking to protect your stomach

Quit smoking as soon as possible

• If you have gastric mucosal inflammation, quitting smoking is a priority lifestyle change. Tobacco smoke can weaken the protective mechanisms of the gastric lining, and smoking is associated with a higher risk of stomach ulcers. NIDDK also notes that smoking can delay ulcer healing and increase the risk of ulcer recurrence.

• Therefore, if the goal is to restore the gastric lining, don't just focus on foods or supplements. Eliminating tobacco smoke is an important step to further reduce factors that damage the digestive system.

Avoid not only smoking but also secondhand smoke

• Direct smoking is a factor to eliminate, but you should also limit frequent exposure to smoky environments. The goal is to create a more favorable environment for your body's recovery process.

• Do not switch to e-cigarettes thinking it's "safe for the stomach." Nicotine can still cause dependence, and e-cigarette products are not a treatment for gastritis.

Use smoking cessation support methods

• Quitting nicotine can be difficult due to physical dependence. If you are unable to quit on your own, you can talk to a doctor or pharmacist about suitable support methods.

• Evidence-based options include nicotine replacement therapy such as patches, gum, or lozenges. Prescription medications like varenicline or bupropion may also be considered. The CDC states that combining counseling with smoking cessation medication offers a higher chance of success than using only one method.

Gradually reduce cravings

• When you feel the urge to smoke, try delaying for a few minutes, drinking water, taking a short walk, breathing slowly, or engaging in another activity. These methods won't heal the stomach lining immediately, but they can help you get through moments where you might relapse.

• If using nicotine replacement therapy, follow the product instructions or healthcare professional's advice. Do not arbitrarily increase the dose with the hope of curing gastritis faster.

Quitting smoking does not replace stomach treatment

• Quitting smoking can support the process of gastric lining recovery, but it is not the only treatment method. Gastritis has many causes; H. pylori is a common one, while NSAIDs and alcohol can damage the lining.

• If symptoms persist or if gastric mucosal inflammation is suspected, a medical examination is recommended to determine the cause instead of just self-adjusting lifestyle. If an ulcer is present, doctors usually need to treat both the damage and the underlying cause of the ulcer.

Prioritize quitting smoking before seeking additional "stomach supplements"

• If you have to choose between buying an additional supplement and starting a smoking cessation plan, quitting smoking is a step with broader health value. The stomach is like a wound: reducing factors that continuously cause damage will create better conditions for healing.

• Therefore, in the plan to cure gastritis, consider quitting smoking as part of comprehensive care, alongside treating the correct cause, proper diet, and limiting factors that can damage the gastric lining.

Part 3: Standard medical treatment for gastric mucosal inflammation

Method 1: Record symptoms for more accurate stomach examination

Monitor symptoms daily

• When you have gastric mucosal inflammation, record the time when pain or discomfort appears, the location of the pain, its intensity, and accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, bloating, early satiety, or loss of appetite. This is information doctors usually inquire about when looking for the cause of stomach conditions.

• You can use a notebook or a note-taking app on your phone. Just make brief notes, for example: "Epigastric pain about 30 minutes after drinking coffee" or "Bloating after a fatty dinner."

Record factors that may increase symptoms

• In addition to symptoms, record anything that might be related, such as food, drinks, medications you're taking, alcohol, tobacco, meal times, and stress levels. This gives the doctor more information to assess the cause.

• Specifically, list any pain relievers you are taking, especially NSAIDs like ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin, if applicable. Prolonged NSAID use is a significant cause of mucosal damage and stomach disease.

Prepare questions before your appointment

• Don't try to remember everything at the clinic. Write down questions like:

  • "Are my symptoms consistent with gastric mucosal inflammation?"

  • "Should I be tested for H. pylori?"

  • "Do I need blood, stool, breath tests, or an endoscopy?"

  • "What medications or foods should I avoid?"

  • "What can I do to support gastric lining recovery?"

  • "If treating H. pylori, when should I be retested to confirm eradication?"

• The doctor can use your medical history, symptoms, current medications, and physical exam to select appropriate tests. Methods may include stool tests, breath tests for H. pylori, blood tests, or upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Record developments instead of just "stomach ache"

• A line like "stomach ache" doesn't provide much information. It's better to be specific: where the pain is, when it appears, how long it lasts, how severe it is, whether it's related to eating, and what helps relieve or worsen the pain.

• This way of recording helps turn seemingly disparate sensations into a "symptom map," making it easier for the doctor to identify trends and decide on the next assessment step.

Do not self-diagnose based solely on symptom diary

• Keeping records helps support the examination process but cannot accurately determine the cause. Many conditions can cause epigastric pain or discomfort, while some people with gastritis have almost no symptoms.

• If the cause is H. pylori, treatment requires medication according to an appropriate regimen; if the damage is due to NSAIDs or irritants, the doctor may advise eliminating or adjusting the causative agent. Therefore, treating gastritis should not rely solely on at-home symptom monitoring.

Recognize signs that require early examination

• If severe or prolonged abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, unintentional weight loss, difficulty swallowing, or worsening symptoms appear, you should seek medical attention instead of continuing to self-monitor.

• Specifically, vomiting blood, coffee-ground vomit, black stools, or blood in the stool can be signs of gastrointestinal bleeding and require immediate medical attention.

• Recording symptoms is not a direct method to restore the gastric lining, but it is a valuable small step: it helps you provide more accurate information, assists the doctor in finding the cause, and choosing an appropriate approach to treating gastritis.

Method 2: Persistent stomach pain requires medical attention

Seek medical attention if pain or discomfort persists

• If stomach pain, epigastric burning, nausea, vomiting, bloating, or early satiety persists or recurs, you should schedule an appointment instead of continuing to self-adjust your diet at home. These symptoms can occur with gastric mucosal inflammation but are also found in many other digestive conditions.

• NIDDK recommends seeking medical attention if indigestion does not improve. The doctor will rely on symptoms, medical history, current medications, and physical examination to determine the cause.

Prepare information before seeing a doctor

• Record when symptoms appeared, where the pain is located, its intensity, whether it's related to meals, and factors that increase or decrease symptoms.

• Bring a list of all medications, vitamins, and supplements you are taking. In particular, inform your doctor if you regularly use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen, as these drugs can cause mucosal damage and stomach conditions.

The doctor can check for causes of inflammation

• Depending on your symptoms and risk, your doctor may order tests for H. pylori using stool or breath tests. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy may also be used to visualize the mucosa, determine the cause, and check for complications.

• This is an important step if the goal is to restore the gastric lining. Effective treatment needs to target the cause, rather than just focusing on what to eat or avoid. H. pylori is a common cause of gastritis; in addition, NSAIDs, alcohol, and certain other medical conditions can also damage the mucosa.

Treatment needs to match the cause

• There is no single way to cure gastritis that applies to everyone. If the cause is H. pylori, doctors typically use a combination of medications to eradicate the bacteria; if the damage is related to NSAIDs, alcohol, or other irritating factors, the treatment approach will focus on eliminating or controlling that agent.

• Therefore, do not rely solely on supplements, probiotics, or at-home gastritis remedies when symptoms persist. These measures may support some aspects of digestive health but do not replace diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause.

Pay attention to the link between stress and digestive symptoms

• Stress, anxiety, or depression can be related to brain-gut interaction disorders and make some digestive symptoms more pronounced. If you notice that stress often accompanies abdominal pain or indigestion, talk to your doctor instead of assuming all symptoms are due to a "weak stomach."

• Measures such as moderate exercise, adequate sleep, relaxation, or psychological counseling can be used to manage stress. However, stress reduction does not replace finding a physical cause if stomach symptoms persist.

Seek immediate medical attention if warning signs appear

• Do not wait if you experience severe and persistent abdominal pain, severe vomiting, difficulty swallowing, unintentional weight loss, shortness of breath, or jaundice. These are signs that require early medical evaluation.

Specifically, vomiting blood, coffee-ground-like vomit, black or bloody stools, accompanied by dizziness or severe fatigue can be signs of gastrointestinal bleeding and require immediate medical attention.

If the goal is to restore the stomach lining, the most important principle is not to let self-care prolong without a diagnosis. When the stomach continuously sends warning signals, seeing a doctor is the way to find the right "knot" before choosing a method to treat gastritis.

Method 3: Change pain medication if it causes stomach pain

Re-evaluate the pain medication you are using

• If you have gastric mucosal inflammation or epigastric pain after taking pain medication, discuss the type of medication you are using with your doctor. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin can damage the stomach lining and increase the risk of ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding, especially when used in high doses or for prolonged periods.

• Do not stop prescription medication on your own just because you suspect it is causing stomach pain. The doctor may consider reducing the dose, stopping NSAIDs, switching to another medication, or using additional stomach protective medication depending on the cause and specific condition.

Recognize common NSAIDs

• Some common NSAIDs include:

  • Ibuprofen.

  • Naproxen.

  • Aspirin at analgesic or anti-inflammatory doses.

• NSAIDs reduce prostaglandins, which play a role in protecting the mucous membrane, thereby making the stomach more susceptible to damage. The risk of ulcers increases with long-term NSAID use, high doses, combining multiple NSAIDs, or co-infection with H. pylori.

Ask your doctor about alternative pain relievers

• In some cases, the doctor may choose another pain reliever not belonging to the NSAID group, depending on the cause of the pain and underlying medical conditions. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally not an NSAID, but it is not suitable for everyone and must be used at the correct dose.

• If you have liver disease, consume a lot of alcohol, or are taking other medications containing paracetamol, special caution is needed as an overdose can cause liver damage. Therefore, do not switch medications based solely on the active ingredient name.

Do not self-medicate with multiple pain relievers at once

• Avoid combining multiple NSAIDs with the thought that it will provide better pain relief. Taking multiple NSAIDs simultaneously can increase the risk of mucosal damage and gastrointestinal bleeding.

• Check the ingredients of over-the-counter medications before use, as some cold or headache remedies may contain the same pain-relieving active ingredient. If unsure, ask a pharmacist or doctor.

If NSAIDs are necessary, assess the risks

• Some people still need NSAIDs to control pain or inflammation. In this case, the doctor may consider using the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration, choosing a suitable NSAID, or combining it with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to reduce the risk of stomach damage. NIDDK notes that PPIs can be used to prevent or treat NSAID-related gastric conditions.

• If you are taking aspirin as prescribed to prevent cardiovascular disease or stroke, do not stop the medication on your own. Any change needs to be evaluated by a doctor because the benefits of preventing cardiovascular events may outweigh the gastrointestinal risks for some individuals.

Address the cause to support mucosal recovery

• Changing pain medication can help reduce a source of irritation, but it is not the only method to restore the stomach lining. If inflammation, ulcers, or gastritis due to H. pylori have developed, the underlying cause needs to be treated.

• If you experience vomiting blood, coffee-ground-like vomit, black or bloody stools, seek immediate medical attention as these can be signs of gastrointestinal bleeding.

• Therefore, when you suspect that pain medication is upsetting your stomach, the safest step is not to "change medication" on your own, but to review medications with a doctor or pharmacist to find a suitable pain relief option while protecting the process of treating gastritis.

Method 4: Get tested to find the correct cause

Undergo all tests prescribed by the doctor

• If the cause of gastric mucosal inflammation symptoms cannot be determined through patient history and clinical examination, the doctor may order additional tests. Performing these tests fully helps determine the cause, assess the extent of damage, and choose an appropriate treatment direction, rather than relying solely on symptoms to self-treat gastritis.

• Depending on the case, tests may include blood, stool, breath tests, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, or barium swallow X-rays. Not everyone with stomach pain needs to undergo all these tests.

Check for H. pylori when indicated

• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an important cause of gastritis. Doctors may use urea breath tests or stool tests to detect this bacterium without endoscopy in some cases.

• For individuals with dyspepsia symptoms but no signs requiring endoscopy, ACG/CAG guidelines recommend that people under 60 years old should consider non-invasive H. pylori testing and treatment if the result is positive.

Endoscopy helps directly observe the stomach lining

• Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. During this procedure, the doctor can take a small tissue sample for biopsy and microscopic examination.

• Endoscopy can help detect inflammation, mucosal damage, ulcers, and some complications, and also assist in finding the cause. This information is crucial when the goal is to restore the stomach lining, as treatment depends on the type of damage and specific cause.

Blood and stool tests have distinct roles

• Blood tests can be used to look for signs of certain causes or complications. Stool tests can help detect H. pylori or find blood in the stool, a sign that may be related to gastrointestinal bleeding.

• Therefore, do not skip tests just because symptoms seem mild. Some people with gastric mucosal inflammation or gastric conditions may not show clear symptoms.

Do not choose tests based on online symptoms

• Epigastric pain does not definitively mean gastritis. The doctor will consider age, symptoms, medical history, current medications, and risk factors before deciding whether testing or endoscopy is needed.

• Especially in Vietnam, the consensus of the Vietnam Association of Gastroenterology notes that some people with dyspepsia from a certain age or with warning symptoms may be indicated for early endoscopy. The age threshold and choice of tests need to be individualized according to risk.

Testing is a step to find the cause, not the final step

• If H. pylori is detected, the doctor may treat it with a combination of medications to eradicate the bacteria. If the damage is related to NSAIDs, alcohol, or other agents, the treatment approach will focus on the corresponding cause.

• Therefore, testing is not just about "naming the disease." More importantly, the results help the doctor identify the exact factors damaging the mucous membrane to develop an appropriate plan to restore the stomach lining.

Do not delay when there are warning signs

• If you experience vomiting blood, coffee-ground-like vomit, black or bloody stools, dizziness, severe fatigue, or shortness of breath, seek immediate medical evaluation as these can be signs of gastrointestinal bleeding.

• When the stomach continuously sends abnormal signals, testing is like turning on a light in a dark room: instead of guessing the cause, you have more data for the doctor to find the right problem and choose a safer way to treat gastritis.

Method 5: Use medication correctly to aid stomach healing

Use medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor

• Once the cause of gastric mucosal inflammation has been identified, your doctor may prescribe medication to control the cause, relieve symptoms, or facilitate mucosal recovery. Do not self-medicate based on symptoms, as the way to treat gastritis depends on the cause and extent of damage.

• Take medication at the correct dose, at the correct time, and for the full duration as instructed. Do not arbitrarily increase, decrease, or stop medication when pain subsides, especially with H. pylori treatment regimens. Stopping medication too early can allow bacteria to persist and increase the risk of antibiotic resistance.

If H. pylori is present, eradication treatment is necessary

• For gastritis caused by H. pylori, doctors often use a combination therapy regimen, which may include two or more antibiotics along with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and, in some cases, bismuth. The choice of regimen depends on the patient's history of antibiotic use and resistance status.

• After treatment, your doctor may request retesting for H. pylori to confirm that the bacteria have been eradicated. NIDDK recommends testing at least 4 weeks after completing the prescribed treatment.

Acid-reducing medications may be used when appropriate

• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 blockers help reduce the amount of acid the stomach produces. These medications may be used in some cases of inflammation or stomach damage, especially when there is erosion, ulcers, or a need to reduce the impact of acid on the damaged area.

• Antacids can help quickly relieve some mild acid-related symptoms, but should not be used daily or long-term to replace finding the underlying cause if symptoms are persistent.

Mucosal protective medications should only be used when indicated

• Sucralfate (Carafate) may be used by doctors in some cases of stomach damage or ulcers. This medication forms a protective layer over the damaged mucous membrane, thereby aiding the healing process.

• Do not self-purchase sucralfate or other "mucosal coating" medications just because you have stomach pain. The choice of medication should be based on a specific diagnosis and other medications you are taking.

Do not self-medicate with antibiotics for gastritis

• Antibiotics are not a general treatment for all cases of gastric mucosal inflammation. They are primarily used when there is an infectious cause that needs treatment, typically H. pylori.

• Self-medicating with antibiotics can lead to incorrect treatment of the cause and contribute to increased antibiotic resistance. If H. pylori is suspected, testing should be done and a regimen prescribed by a doctor.

Treating the correct cause is essential for mucosal recovery

• Restoring the stomach lining is not simply about reducing acid or taking pain relievers. If the damage is related to NSAIDs, the doctor may consider stopping the medication, reducing the dose, changing pain medication, or combining with PPIs depending on the case. If the cause is alcohol or another irritant, that agent needs to be eliminated.

• Therefore, medication should be considered part of a comprehensive treatment plan. Appropriate diet, quitting smoking, avoiding alcohol, and controlling factors that worsen symptoms can help, but do not replace treating the underlying cause.

Consult your doctor if medications cause side effects

• If prolonged diarrhea, rash, shortness of breath, increased abdominal pain, or any other abnormal reaction occurs after taking medication, contact your doctor or pharmacist instead of stopping or changing medication on your own.

• Especially if you are being treated for H. pylori, do not discontinue the regimen just because symptoms have subsided. Completing the full course of treatment is an important part of achieving the goal of treating gastritis caused by infection and limiting the risk of recurrence.

• If you experience vomiting blood, coffee-ground-like vomit, black or bloody stools, seek immediate medical attention as these can be signs of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Avoid factors that upset the stomach

Reduce factors that worsen symptoms

• When you have gastric mucosal inflammation, pay attention to foods, drinks, or activities that often cause you pain, burning, bloating, nausea, or indigestion. You can record these factors for a few days to identify the triggers more clearly.

• If a food or drink consistently worsens symptoms, reduce your portion or temporarily stop consuming it. For alcohol and tobacco, it is best to avoid them completely as they can damage or irritate the stomach lining.

Adjust activity when your body sends warning signals

• If high-intensity exercise causes increased stomach pain, nausea, or discomfort, reduce the intensity and rest. Do not try to maintain an exercise that is making your symptoms more severe.

• However, you don't need to avoid all physical activity just because you have gastritis. Appropriate exercise is still beneficial for overall health; the important thing is to choose an intensity and duration that your body tolerates well.

Do not self-medicate with prescription drugs

• Absolutely do not buy or use another person's prescription medication, even if the symptoms seem similar. A medication suitable for one person may not be suitable for another due to differences in disease causes, underlying conditions, current medications, and risk of side effects.

• In particular, do not self-medicate with antibiotics to treat gastritis. Antibiotics only play a role when there is an infection that needs treatment, such as H. pylori, and the regimen must be appropriately chosen.

Do not arbitrarily change prescribed medications

• If your prescribed medication causes discomfort or you feel you no longer need it because symptoms have subsided, discuss it with your doctor before stopping or changing the medication.

• This is especially important for medications treating H. pylori. Not completing the full course of treatment can reduce its effectiveness and contribute to antibiotic resistance.

Focus on mucosal recovery goals

• Restoring the stomach lining does not mean avoiding everything or self-medicating with stronger drugs. The safer approach is to identify the triggers that worsen symptoms, eliminate controllable factors, and use medication as prescribed.

• If pain or discomfort persists, recurs frequently, leads to weight loss, frequent vomiting, or if you experience vomiting blood, coffee-ground-like vomit, or black stools, seek medical attention to find the cause instead of continuing self-treatment at home.

References

1. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2019). Gastritis & Gastropathy: Eating, Diet, & Nutrition. National Institutes of Health.
2. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2019). Diagnosis of Gastritis & Gastropathy. National Institutes of Health.
3. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2019). Treatment of Gastritis & Gastropathy. National Institutes of Health.
4. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2019). Definition & Facts for Gastritis & Gastropathy. National Institutes of Health.
5. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2019). Symptoms & Causes of Gastritis & Gastropathy. National Institutes of Health.
6. Chey, W. D., Howden, C. W., Moss, S. F., Morgan, D. R., Greer, K. B., Grover, S., & Shah, S. C. (2024). ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 119(9), 1730–1753. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002968.
7. Moayyedi, P., Lacy, B. E., Andrews, C. N., Enns, R. A., Howden, C. W., & Vakil, N. (2017). ACG and CAG Clinical Guideline: Management of Dyspepsia. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 112(7), 988–1013. doi:10.1038/ajg.2017.154.
8. Hooi, J. K. Y., Lai, W. Y., Ng, W. K., et al. (2017). Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, 153(2), 420–429.
9. World Health Organization. (2026). Tobacco and nicotine. World Health Organization.

Content editor: Sidney Bailey Hoang.

Information consulted and verified by expert: Daniel Carter.