What to eat and drink when you have elevated liver enzymes? 8 tips to quickly lower liver enzymes at home

Elevated liver enzyme test results, such as ALT or AST, can be concerning for many, especially when no clear symptoms are present. In reality, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) affects approximately 30% of adults in the US, while the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults in Asia is estimated at around 15–40%.

However, elevated liver enzymes do not necessarily mean severe liver damage. AST and ALT levels can increase due to fatty liver, alcohol consumption, hepatitis, medications, supplements, or many other reasons. Therefore, the goal of lowering liver enzymes is not simply to find a drug or a "liver detox" trick, but first and foremost to identify the cause and address the factors contributing to liver damage.

In this article, Tiptory helps you understand how to lower liver enzymes at home safely, focusing on practical changes in diet, weight, alcohol consumption, exercise, and current medications, while also recognizing when elevated liver enzymes require a doctor's examination instead of self-treatment at home.

Part 1: Signs of elevated liver enzymes and liver disease

Sign 1: Properly understanding the role of the liver

The liver performs many essential functions in the body

• The liver is a large internal organ involved in metabolizing nutrients, processing medications, and many other substances absorbed or produced by the body.

• The liver helps metabolize and eliminate many potentially harmful substances, and also participates in producing cholesterol, proteins, and factors necessary for blood clotting.

• The liver also stores vitamins, minerals, and sugar as glycogen, releasing them when the body needs them. Additionally, the liver helps support the immune system by filtering and processing some bacteria and foreign substances in the blood.

The liver works continuously, making it susceptible to many factors

• Because it is involved in so many processes at once, the liver can be stressed by frequent exposure to alcohol, certain medications, supplements, high-energy diets, or other liver-damaging factors.

• When tests show elevated liver enzymes, especially increased ALT and AST, this can be a sign that the liver is damaged or affected by some cause. However, elevated liver enzymes do not necessarily mean the liver is simply "overloaded" and the extent of damage cannot be determined solely by liver enzyme levels.

To lower liver enzymes, the correct cause must be identified

• If you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home, the first important step is to determine why liver enzymes are elevated. Common causes include fatty liver, heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, medications, supplements, and certain metabolic or autoimmune diseases.

• Do not self-administer products advertised as "liver detox" with the sole aim of lowering liver enzymes. Some supplements or herbal remedies can even cause liver damage.

• Instead of trying to "detox" the liver, a safer approach is to reduce liver-damaging factors, maintain a balanced diet, exercise appropriately, manage weight, and use medications as directed by healthcare professionals.

Monitoring liver enzymes helps evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle changes

• Once the cause is identified and the damaging factor is controlled, the doctor may order repeat tests for ALT, AST, or other liver function indicators to assess progress.

• If liver enzymes are persistently high, significantly elevated, or accompanied by jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain, vomiting, or unusual fatigue, the patient should see a doctor instead of just looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home.

• The goal is not just to bring a test number back to normal, but to protect liver function and address the cause of elevated liver enzymes long-term.

Sign 2: Diseases that can elevate liver enzymes

• The liver performs many metabolic and filtering functions, so it can be affected by various diseases. When tests show elevated liver enzymes, especially increased ALT and AST, it is crucial to find the cause rather than just focusing on lowering liver enzymes. The increase in AST, ALT also does not accurately reflect the extent of liver damage.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)

• This condition is currently called MASLD (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease), formerly often referred to as NAFLD. This condition occurs when fat accumulates in the liver along with metabolic factors such as overweight, obesity, prediabetes, diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia.

• Some people with MASLD have no symptoms but accidentally discover elevated liver enzymes during tests. If fatty liver with inflammation progresses to MASH, the patient may have an increased risk of fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Viral hepatitis can cause liver damage

• Hepatitis viruses, especially hepatitis A, B, C, and E, can cause acute hepatitis; hepatitis B and C can also become chronic diseases. Therefore, when liver enzymes are persistently high, the doctor may order tests for viral hepatitis to determine the cause.

• Do not self-diagnose elevated liver enzymes due to fatty liver based solely on weight or diet. Other causes, including viral hepatitis, need to be ruled out when appropriate.

Alcohol can cause various degrees of liver damage

• Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to a spectrum of diseases from fatty liver, alcohol-related hepatitis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The risk increases with the amount of alcohol consumed and is also influenced by metabolic factors, genetics, and co-existing liver diseases.

• If elevated liver enzymes are related to alcohol, reducing or stopping alcohol consumption is one of the important steps to protect the liver. Do not expect a "detox" product to compensate for the effects of continued alcohol consumption.

Medications and supplements also need to be considered

• Some prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, herbal remedies, and supplements can cause drug-induced liver injury. Therefore, when evaluating abnormal liver enzymes, doctors often need to know all the products the patient is using.

• If you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home, do not arbitrarily stop prescription medications or replace them with supplements. Talk to your doctor to determine which medications might be related to elevated liver enzymes.

Some other diseases can also cause elevated liver enzymes

• In addition to common causes, doctors may consider autoimmune hepatitis, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, ischemic liver injury, biliary tract disease, or cancer depending on the pattern of abnormal tests and risk factors.

• Other infections can also affect the liver, but not all cases of elevated liver enzymes are due to infection. Testing should be based on symptoms, history, and specific risks rather than extensive screening.

Jaundice is not a sole cause of elevated liver enzymes

• Jaundice is usually a manifestation related to increased bilirubin and can appear in many liver or biliary diseases. Therefore, if elevated liver enzymes are accompanied by jaundice, dark urine, pale stools, abdominal pain, or worsening health, the patient should seek early medical evaluation.

To lower liver enzymes, the underlying disease must be properly treated

• There is no single method for lowering liver enzymes that works for everyone. Doctors typically rely on AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin along with medical history, current medications, and risk factors to identify the type of injury and its cause. Depending on the case, the patient may need hepatitis testing, iron metabolism tests, or liver ultrasound.

• Therefore, lowering liver enzymes at home should be understood as supporting the control of risk factors through a healthy lifestyle, not self-treating the cause. When the cause is identified and properly controlled, liver enzyme levels have a chance to improve sustainably.

Sign 3: Recognizing signs of liver disease

Liver disease can progress silently

• There isn't a single set of symptoms that can identify all liver diseases. Especially in the early stages, some liver diseases may not cause clear symptoms. Therefore, one should not wait until abnormal signs appear before checking the liver.

• If tests have already detected elevated liver enzymes, monitoring symptoms is only supportive. The patient still needs to find the cause of the increased ALT, AST, or other abnormalities in liver function tests.

Pay attention to jaundice and changes in urine and stool color

• Jaundice and yellow eyes can occur when bilirubin accumulates in the body and are important signs that need evaluation. Dark urine and pale stools can also appear when bilirubin metabolism or excretion is affected.

• If you notice yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, especially when accompanied by dark urine or pale stools, you should not just look for ways to lower liver enzymes at home but should see a doctor to determine the cause.

Monitor for abdominal pain and unusual abdominal distension

• Pain or discomfort in the upper right abdomen can occur in some liver diseases. As the disease progresses, fluid can accumulate in the abdominal cavity, causing ascites, leading to abdominal tightness or increased size.

• Swollen or rapidly enlarging abdomen, especially if accompanied by shortness of breath, abdominal pain, or worsening health, requires medical evaluation instead of self-treatment.

Pay attention to swelling in the feet and ankles

• Swelling of the feet, ankles, or hands can occur as liver disease progresses, especially in people with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

• If swelling appears along with abdominal distension, jaundice, or persistent fatigue, the patient should see a doctor to assess liver function and related complications.

Persistent itching and fatigue also need attention

• Itchy skin, fatigue, or weakness can occur in some liver diseases. However, these symptoms are not specific and can also result from many other causes.

• Therefore, if persistent fatigue or unexplained itching is accompanied by elevated liver enzymes, you should consult a doctor instead of self-medicating or using supplements to lower liver enzymes.

Monitor changes in eating habits and weight

• Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and unintentional weight loss can occur in some liver diseases, especially when the disease has progressed.

• If weight drops rapidly without intentional dieting or exercise, especially when accompanied by abdominal pain, jaundice, or fatigue, the cause needs to be identified instead of just focusing on lowering liver enzymes at home.

Easy bruising or unusual bleeding needs to be checked

• When liver function declines significantly, patients may bruise easily or bleed more than usual. This is one of the signs that can occur in advanced cirrhosis.

• If unexplained bruises appear frequently, unusual bleeding occurs, or there are signs of gastrointestinal bleeding such as black, tar-like stools, prompt medical attention is required.

Do not use symptoms to self-diagnose liver disease

• Symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, itching, or abdominal pain are not sufficient to determine the cause of elevated liver enzymes. The doctor may need to combine medical history, physical examination, blood tests, and in some cases, ultrasound, liver elastography, or other imaging tests.

• Therefore, the goal of lowering liver enzymes is not just to reduce a test value. More importantly, it is to find and control the cause of liver damage and monitor whether liver function improves.

Sign 4: Testing to find the cause of elevated liver enzymes

Seeing a doctor is an important step when liver enzymes are elevated

• If tests reveal elevated liver enzymes, you should not just look for ways to lower liver enzymes at home but need to identify the cause of the abnormality. The doctor will ask about symptoms, medical history, alcohol consumption, current medications, supplements, and liver-related risk factors.

• Depending on the case, the doctor may order blood tests to assess liver enzymes and liver function, then combine this with a physical examination and other necessary tests to find the cause.

ALT and AST help detect liver cell damage

• ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme primarily concentrated in the liver. Elevated ALT often suggests liver cell damage, but the level of increase does not always accurately reflect the extent of damage.

• AST (aspartate aminotransferase) can also increase when liver cells are damaged, but AST is also present in muscles, the heart, and some other tissues. Therefore, relying solely on AST to diagnose liver disease is insufficient.

• The doctor may consider the AST/ALT ratio along with the patient's medical history and other tests. This ratio sometimes provides additional clues about the cause, but it should not be used in isolation for self-diagnosis.

ALP helps assess the liver and bile ducts

• ALP (alkaline phosphatase) is an enzyme abundant in the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP can be related to liver disease or bile duct obstruction, but it can also originate from bone disease.

• When ALP is elevated, the doctor often combines it with GGT and other tests to determine the source of the abnormality instead of assuming it is a sign of liver damage.

GGT aids in assessing bile ducts and some alcohol-related factors

• GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) can be elevated in many liver and bile duct diseases. GGT can also increase in people who consume alcohol, but this indicator is not specific enough to determine if a person drinks alcohol or has alcohol-related liver disease.

• When GGT and ALP are both elevated, the results can help the doctor determine the origin from the liver or bile ducts. However, it needs to be evaluated within the entire clinical context.

LDH may be used in some cases

• LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) is an enzyme present in many tissues throughout the body. LDH can be elevated in some liver diseases but is also found in many other conditions such as tissue damage, anemia, or certain other diseases.

• Because LDH is not specific to the liver, this indicator is often interpreted with other tests rather than used alone to determine the cause of elevated liver enzymes.

Do not try to lower liver enzymes based on a single indicator

• ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and bilirubin provide different information about the liver and bile ducts. No single test can fully determine the state of the liver.

• If the goal is to lower liver enzymes, the correct approach is to first find the cause, then modify the damaging factor or treat the underlying disease. Self-medicating with drugs, herbs, or "liver detox" products to reduce test values may not address the real underlying cause.

• In some cases, the doctor may order viral hepatitis tests, ultrasound, or other liver assessment methods. This is an important step to choose a safe and appropriate way to lower liver enzymes for each individual.

Sign 5: Regular liver enzyme monitoring

Regular monitoring helps determine if liver enzymes are truly improving

• If you have liver disease or have had elevated liver enzymes, your doctor may request follow-up tests at different intervals. The frequency of testing is not the same for everyone but depends on the cause, severity of the abnormality, and treatment method.

• You should not schedule too frequent tests just to check if your liver enzymes are decreasing. Follow your doctor's recommended schedule for meaningful results and to avoid unnecessary tests.

Observe trends instead of focusing on a single result

• When evaluating how to lower liver enzymes, a single result does not fully indicate the liver's condition. Doctors are usually interested in the progression of ALT, AST, and related indicators over multiple tests.

• If the indicators improve over time after the cause has been controlled, it can be a positive sign. However, liver enzymes returning to normal does not necessarily mean the liver disease is cured, as some diseases can still progress even if liver enzymes are not elevated.

Record results to easily identify changes

• You can save test results by date, including ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, bilirubin, and other indicators requested by your doctor.

• When you have follow-up appointments, having complete old results helps the doctor see the trend of changes more clearly rather than just evaluating a single number at the current time.

Provide complete information about medications and supplements

• Tell your doctor about all medications, vitamins, herbs, and supplements you are taking, including products advertised as liver support or for lowering liver enzymes at home.

• Do not stop prescription medications on your own just because you suspect they affect the liver. The doctor may consider changing the dose, switching medications, or monitoring further depending on the case.

Report new symptoms immediately

• While monitoring elevated liver enzymes, notify your doctor if new or worsening symptoms appear, such as jaundice, yellow eyes, dark urine, pale stools, abdominal pain, vomiting, swollen legs, abnormally large abdomen, or persistent fatigue.

• If there are severe symptoms such as vomiting blood, black stools, confusion, unusual drowsiness, or rapidly progressing jaundice, seek emergency medical care instead of continuing to monitor at home.

The goal is to control the cause, not just reduce the numbers

• Lowering liver enzymes is a positive sign when accompanied by control of the underlying cause of liver damage. Do not turn test monitoring into a race to "bring down the numbers" at all costs.

• If you are applying methods to lower liver enzymes at home, focus on evidence-based changes such as limiting or stopping alcohol when appropriate, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and taking medication as directed. Regular monitoring will help assess whether these changes are truly beneficial for your liver.



Part 2: What to eat and what to avoid when you have elevated liver enzymes?

Tip 1: Eat more green vegetables to support liver health

Increase green vegetables in your diet to support liver health

• Green vegetables provide fiber, vitamins, minerals, and many beneficial plant compounds. This is a food group that should be regularly included in a diet aimed at controlling weight, blood sugar, and blood lipids, which are factors closely related to liver health.

• For people with elevated liver enzymes, especially in the context of fatty liver related to metabolic disorders, a complete change to a healthy diet can help improve liver health. Do not expect a single vegetable to directly lower liver enzymes.

Prioritize leafy greens and cruciferous vegetables

• You can rotate many types of vegetables in your menu to increase nutritional diversity, such as:

  • Spinach, kale, and Swiss chard.

  • Bok choy, mustard greens, choy sum, and other leafy greens.

  • Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts.

  • Lettuce, chicory, and seasonal green vegetables.

• Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower provide fiber and many plant compounds. These are suitable choices when building a diet to support metabolic and liver health.

Eat vegetables simply, with less oil

• To safely lower liver enzymes at home, prioritize boiled, steamed, soup-cooked, or quickly stir-fried vegetables with moderate oil instead of deep-frying.

• Limit turning vegetables into dishes containing a lot of animal fat, butter, sugary sauces, or salt, as the overall diet is what truly matters for liver health.

Increase vegetables but do not necessarily eliminate other food groups completely

• A liver-friendly diet is not simply about "eating as many vegetables as possible." Combine vegetables with whole grains, legumes, fish, lean meat, eggs, and appropriate protein sources, while limiting ultra-processed foods, sugary drinks, and saturated fats.

• If you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes, the realistic goal is to build a diet that can be sustained long-term. Green vegetables should become a familiar part of your meals rather than a "liver detox food" used for a short period.

Do not use green vegetables as a substitute for treating the underlying cause

• Green vegetables can support a healthy diet but do not replace medication or medical treatment when liver enzymes are elevated due to viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, or other medical conditions.

• If elevated liver enzymes persist, combine dietary changes with identifying the cause and following up with tests as instructed by your doctor. This is the foundation for lowering liver enzymes and protecting liver function long-term.



Tip 2: Prioritize antioxidant-rich foods

Incorporate antioxidant-rich foods into your diet

• Antioxidants help the body control oxidative stress, a process linked to many chronic diseases. However, no single food can directly lower liver enzymes. The main benefits come from a balanced and sustained diet.

• If you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home, prioritize natural, diverse foods instead of focusing on one "superfood" or a product advertised to detoxify the liver.

Beetroot provides many beneficial plant compounds

• Beetroot contains plant compounds like betalains and many antioxidants. You can include beetroot in your diet by boiling, steaming, making soup, or preparing it with other vegetables.

• However, you should not assume that eating beetroot will automatically lower liver enzymes. Evidence of a single food reducing ALT or AST in patients is still limited.

Avocado provides vitamin E and unsaturated fats

• Avocado contains vitamin E, monounsaturated fats, and fiber. It is a food that can be included in a healthy diet, especially when replacing sources of saturated fat.

• Since avocado still contains a lot of energy, people who are overweight or need to lose weight should pay attention to portion sizes. Controlling total energy intake is still an important factor when trying to improve elevated liver enzymes related to fatty liver.

Walnuts provide plant-based omega-3s

• Walnuts are rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-based form of omega-3, along with unsaturated fats and many micronutrients.

• You can consume a moderate amount of walnuts as a snack or combine them with oats, unsweetened yogurt, and salads. Prioritize varieties that are not heavily sweetened or salted.

Varying nut types to supplement micronutrients

• Almonds, walnuts, pecans, and some other nuts provide unsaturated fats, vitamins, and minerals. They can be suitable for a diet that supports metabolic and liver health.

• However, nuts are quite energy-dense. Eating too many can increase overall calorie intake, especially for those who need to lose weight to improve fatty liver and elevated liver enzymes.

Prioritize whole foods over supplements

• The body has an endogenous antioxidant system, of which glutathione is an important antioxidant. A diverse diet provides the necessary nutrients for the body's metabolic processes.

• Do not self-administer antioxidant pills, glutathione, or "liver-boosting" products with the goal of lowering liver enzymes at home without medical advice. Some supplements can interact with medications or even cause liver damage.

The overall diet is still what matters most

• Instead of looking for a food that can "cleanse the liver," incorporate green vegetables, root vegetables, whole fruits, nuts, legumes, fish, whole grains, and appropriate protein sources into your daily diet.

• If elevated liver enzymes are due to fatty liver or metabolic factors, changing your diet, controlling your weight, and increasing physical activity are far more meaningful than simply supplementing with one antioxidant-rich food.



Tip 3: Increase fiber to support the liver

Prioritize fiber-rich foods in your diet

• Fiber helps create a plant-rich diet, supporting the control of cholesterol, blood sugar, weight, and cardiovascular health. These are also important factors for people with elevated liver enzymes, especially when related to fatty liver due to metabolic disorders.

• However, it should not be assumed that eating a specific amount of fiber will directly lower liver enzymes. Current guidelines focus on overall eating patterns, such as a Mediterranean-style diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, and whole grains.

It is not necessary to reach 35–50 g of fiber per day

• The level of 35–50 g/day in the original content is not an appropriate target for everyone. Fiber needs depend on age, gender, total energy intake, and health status. Therefore, instead of trying to reach a high number, gradually increase fiber intake from natural foods and maintain it regularly.

• If you previously ate little fiber, gradually increase portions and drink enough water to limit bloating, distension, or constipation.

Choose whole grains instead of refined carbohydrates

• You can prioritize oats, brown rice, whole corn, whole wheat, rye, buckwheat, and other whole grains.

• A simple way to apply this is to replace a portion of white rice, white bread, or refined products with whole grains. For people who need to lower liver enzymes at home, small but long-term changes are often more practical than adopting an overly strict diet.

Eat legumes and beans regularly

• Black beans, kidney beans, white beans, pinto beans, lentils, and peas provide both fiber and plant-based protein.

• You can use beans in soups, stews, salads, or replace a portion of meat in your meals. This food group is suitable for a healthy eating pattern recommended for people with fatty liver disease related to metabolic disorders.

Increase green vegetables and whole fruits

• Leafy greens, broccoli, cabbage, kale, spinach, and other vegetables help increase fiber intake without providing too much energy.

• For fruits, prioritize whole fruits like apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots, and berries instead of juice. Eating whole fruit helps retain fiber and often provides a better feeling of fullness.

Supplement with nuts and seeds in moderate portions

• Almonds, walnuts, cashews, pistachios, flax seeds, pumpkin seeds, and sunflower seeds provide fiber along with unsaturated fats and many micronutrients.

• Because nuts are energy-dense, control portion sizes if you are overweight or obese. For people with elevated liver enzymes due to fatty liver, controlling overall calorie intake and weight is still more important than eating a lot of one food group.

Combine fiber with weight loss goals if overweight

• If elevated liver enzymes are related to MASLD, controlled weight loss can improve liver fat and inflammation. The AASLD notes that a 5–10% reduction in body weight is associated with significant liver improvements.

• Therefore, a more effective way to lower liver enzymes at home is not just about supplementing fiber, but building a diet rich in vegetables, whole fruits, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, while limiting energy-dense foods, saturated fats, refined carbohydrates, and sugary drinks.

Increase fiber gradually and monitor your body's reaction

• You can start your day with oats and fruit for breakfast, add vegetables and beans to lunch, and then supplement with green vegetables and a portion of whole grains for dinner.

• If you are being treated for liver disease or have persistently elevated liver enzymes, consult your doctor or a nutritionist before making drastic dietary changes. Fiber supports overall health but does not replace identifying the cause and treating liver disease.



Tip 4: Prioritize vitamin C-rich fruits

Supplement citrus fruits to provide vitamin C

• Oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and tangerines are familiar sources of vitamin C. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant and is involved in collagen formation, tissue repair, and many other metabolic functions of the body.

• However, there is no strong enough evidence to suggest that vitamin C or citrus juice can directly lower liver enzymes or "restore liver function" in everyone. Therefore, vitamin C-rich fruits should be seen as part of a healthy diet rather than a treatment for elevated liver enzymes.

Prioritize eating whole fruits over drinking juice

• If you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home, prioritize oranges, grapefruits, or other fruits in their whole form. This helps retain fiber and often provides a better feeling of fullness.

• Dietary guidelines for people with MASLD (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease) recommend eating whole fruits and limiting fruit juices because juices can contain a lot of sugar and energy but less fiber.

Do not add too much sugar to lemon or orange juice

• Lemonade or orange juice can become an unsuitable choice if mixed with a lot of sugar, syrup, or condensed milk. Sugary drinks are a factor to limit when building a diet that supports liver health.

• If you drink juice, choose unsweetened varieties and control your portion size. However, in the long run, whole fruit is still the preferred option.

Vitamin C is not a drug for treating liver disease

• Vitamin C is essential for health, but supplementing with high doses of pills does not mean better effectiveness in lowering liver enzymes. The NIH also notes that evidence for vitamin C in cancer prevention is inconsistent, and vitamin C supplementation alone has not been shown to reduce cancer risk.

• Therefore, do not self-administer high-dose vitamin C or "liver-boosting" products with the goal of reducing ALT, AST.

Combine fruits with a liver-friendly diet

• A liver-supporting diet should focus on green vegetables, whole fruits, legumes, whole grains, nuts, fish, and unsaturated fats, while limiting sugary drinks, ultra-processed foods, and saturated fats. This is a more evidence-based approach than simply focusing on one type of fruit or vitamin.

• If you have persistently elevated liver enzymes, combine dietary changes with identifying the cause and following your doctor's instructions for lab tests. The ultimate goal is not just to bring ALT or AST back to normal levels but to control the cause of liver damage and protect long-term liver health.



Tip 5: Eat cruciferous vegetables to support liver health

Increase cruciferous vegetables in your daily diet

• Cruciferous vegetables are a group of foods rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and plant compounds. They are a suitable choice for a healthy diet for individuals who want to protect their liver health and help control metabolic factors related to elevated liver enzymes. The NIDDK recommends increasing vegetables and low-glycemic foods in the diet for people with fatty liver disease.

• However, it should not be understood that cruciferous vegetables can directly "detoxify" or self-lower liver enzymes. The benefits to the liver are primarily within the overall diet, weight, and lifestyle.

Prioritize common cruciferous vegetables

• You can rotate various vegetables to make your meals more diverse, such as:

  • Broccoli.

  • Cauliflower.

  • Brussels sprouts.

  • Radishes and turnips.

  • Kale and other leafy greens from the cruciferous family.

  • Horseradish, wasabi, and watercress.

• It is not necessary to find a single "best for liver" vegetable. What is more important is to maintain a diverse and regular intake of vegetables in your diet.

Prioritize low-fat cooking methods

• If you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home, choose steamed, boiled, or stir-fried vegetables with a moderate amount of oil.

• Limit deep-fried vegetables or those cooked with a lot of butter, processed meats, and sugary sauces. For people with fatty liver, the NIDDK recommends limiting energy-dense fats, simple sugars, and sugary drinks.

Combine cruciferous vegetables with a liver-friendly diet

• A simple meal can consist of cruciferous vegetables + suitable protein source + whole grains. You can combine broccoli with fish, tofu, or lean meat and a serving of brown rice.

• An eating pattern rich in vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, fish or plant-based protein, and whole grains is emphasized by the AASLD in MASLD management.

Don't confuse "liver support" with "liver detoxification"

• Plant compounds in cruciferous vegetables are being studied for their role in metabolic and antioxidant processes. However, current evidence does not allow concluding that eating broccoli, cauliflower, or Brussels sprouts will directly bring ALT and AST levels back to normal.

• Therefore, if you have elevated liver enzymes, consider cruciferous vegetables as part of a health-supportive diet, not as a treatment.

If overweight, combine with weight management

• In individuals with MASLD, gradual weight loss through an appropriate diet and exercise can help reduce liver fat, and improve inflammation and fibrosis. The NIDDK states that losing about 3–5% of body weight can help reduce liver fat; some people need to lose more to improve inflammation and fibrosis.

• Therefore, lowering liver enzymes at home should not solely revolve around finding a "liver-beneficial" vegetable or food. A sustainable diet, portion control, regular exercise, and addressing the root cause are the long-term foundations.

Monitor liver enzymes if levels are elevated

• If you have been diagnosed with elevated liver enzymes, continue with tests and follow-up appointments as scheduled by your doctor. A diet rich in vegetables can support overall health but does not replace identifying the cause, such as fatty liver, alcohol, viral hepatitis, medications, or other underlying conditions.

• The ultimate goal is not just to lower liver enzymes, but to control the cause of damage and maintain healthy liver function in the long term.



Tip 6: Consume enough protein to support liver health

Do not arbitrarily cut down on protein if liver enzymes are high

• Protein is essential for muscle maintenance, tissue repair, and many metabolic functions. Therefore, the idea that eating too much protein will "overload" the liver and increase liver enzymes is not true in all cases.

• Especially in people with cirrhosis, prolonged protein restriction can increase the risk of malnutrition and muscle loss. EASL and AASLD guidelines currently recommend not routinely restricting protein, even in people with hepatic encephalopathy.

The required amount of protein depends on the individual

• There is no one-size-fits-all protein level for everyone looking for ways to lower liver enzymes. Needs depend on age, weight, activity level, nutritional status, liver disease, and co-existing conditions.

• For people with stable cirrhosis, the AASLD recommends about 1.2–1.5 g protein/kg ideal body weight per day; people with muscle loss may need about 1.5 g/kg/day. This level is for cirrhosis patients and should not be mechanically applied to all cases of elevated liver enzymes.

Prioritize diverse and quality protein sources

• You can choose fish, eggs, poultry, suitable dairy and dairy products, beans, lentils, tofu, nuts. A diverse diet helps provide protein along with many vitamins, minerals, and beneficial fats.

• For people with chronic liver disease, EASL encourages diversifying protein sources and may prioritize plant-based protein and dairy protein in some cases, especially when the patient has difficulty tolerating meat protein.

Do not reduce protein on your own if you have hepatic encephalopathy

• Previously, there was a view that reducing protein would limit ammonia buildup in people with hepatic encephalopathy. However, current evidence shows that routine protein restriction can be detrimental, especially since patients are prone to muscle loss.

• If you have hepatic encephalopathy, cirrhosis, or malnutrition, adjusting the amount and source of protein should be done in consultation with a doctor or dietitian, rather than cutting out meat, eggs, dairy, or other protein sources yourself.

Eat enough protein but still need to control overall diet

• If the goal is to lower liver enzymes at home, don't just focus on protein intake. Combine adequate protein with green vegetables, whole fruits, beans, whole grains, and unsaturated fats; while limiting alcohol, sugary drinks, and ultra-processed foods.

• For people with elevated liver enzymes due to fatty liver, weight management and improving metabolic health are often more important than drastically increasing or decreasing protein on your own.

Consult your doctor before changing protein intake

• If you have persistently elevated liver enzymes, cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, malnutrition, obesity, or co-existing kidney disease, protein requirements can vary significantly.

• Instead of self-implementing a "low-protein diet for liver rest," bring your lab results and a list of foods, medications, or supplements you are using to your doctor or dietitian. A suitable eating plan should be based on the cause of elevated liver enzymes and actual health status, not just an ALT or AST number.



Tip 7: Drink enough water to support liver health

Stay adequately hydrated but don't force excessive drinking

• Drinking enough water helps the body maintain blood volume, regulate temperature, and support waste excretion. However, the idea that drinking a lot of water will help the liver "cleanse toxins" or directly lower liver enzymes lacks clear scientific basis.

• If you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home, consider adequate water intake as part of a healthy lifestyle, not a standalone treatment for elevated liver enzymes. Current liver guidelines focus more on weight management, diet, exercise, and the cause of liver damage.

It's not necessary to drink exactly 8-10 glasses of water a day

• The "8-10 glasses of water" mentioned in the original content is not suitable for everyone. Water needs vary by weight, activity level, weather, diet, and health status.

• Total daily water intake also includes water from food, milk, and other beverages, not just plain water. Therefore, do not force yourself to drink a large amount of water just to reach a fixed number.

Monitor body signs to adjust water intake

• A practical sign you can refer to is urine that is usually light yellow when the body is adequately hydrated. If you are frequently thirsty, urinate little, or have dark urine, pay attention to adequate fluid intake and consider factors that may cause dehydration.

• When exercising a lot, in hot weather, or sweating profusely, water needs may increase. In these cases, drink moderate amounts throughout the day rather than all at once.

Distribute water intake throughout the day

• You can form a habit of drinking water at convenient times:

  • After waking up, drink a moderate amount to start the day.

  • Drink with or between meals as needed, no need to force yourself to drink too much.

  • Replenish water before, during, and after exercise, especially when sweating a lot.

  • Drink when thirsty and adjust water intake according to weather and physical activity.

• There is no evidence that drinking water right before bed will help lower liver enzymes. If you tend to urinate at night, avoid drinking too much water close to bedtime.

Prioritize plain water over sugary drinks

• If you have elevated liver enzymes, plain water is a simple choice to meet fluid needs without adding sugar and calories.

• Limit soft drinks, milk tea, energy drinks, and other sugary beverages. For people with fatty liver related to metabolic disorders, the NIDDK recommends limiting foods and beverages high in simple sugars, especially fructose.

Do not drink too much water if you have specific medical conditions

• People with heart failure, kidney failure, or certain other medical conditions may need to control their fluid intake according to specific guidelines. Drinking too much water in these cases can be harmful.

• If you are being treated for advanced liver disease or cirrhosis, the amount of water and salt in your diet may need to be adjusted depending on your condition. Consult your doctor or dietitian instead of increasing your water intake on your own.

Drink enough water but don't expect water alone to reduce liver enzymes

• If you have elevated liver enzymes, the most important thing is still to identify the cause and address the factors causing liver damage. For fatty liver related to metabolic disorders, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet, and physical activity play a clearer role than drinking a lot of water.

• Therefore, lowering liver enzymes at home should start with evidence-based practices: drinking enough water, limiting alcohol, reducing sugary drinks, eating a diverse diet, and maintaining physical activity. Water is fundamental for the body, but it is not a "miracle cure" to bring ALT or AST down.



Tip 8: Limit foods harmful to the liver

Reduce foods high in saturated fat and calories

• When you have elevated liver enzymes, you don't need to "fast to rest your liver," but you should reduce foods rich in calories and saturated fat. Especially, if high liver enzymes are related to fatty liver, a high-calorie diet can make metabolic and fat accumulation in the liver difficult to improve.

• Limit foods such as fatty red meat, chicken skin, animal fat, butter, shortening, processed meats, and dishes that use a lot of saturated fat.

• Instead of completely eliminating fat, prioritize unsaturated fats from fish, avocado, nuts, and vegetable oils in appropriate portions.

Limit fried foods and ultra-processed foods

• Fried foods, french fries, snacks, pastries, and fast food are often high in calories, fat, and salt. Frequent consumption can make it difficult to control weight and metabolic health.

• A simple way to lower liver enzymes at home is to switch from deep-frying to boiling, steaming, baking, or pan-frying with a moderate amount of oil. This is a small change but easy to sustain long-term.

Reduce foods high in salt

• Processed meats, canned goods, instant noodles, snacks, packaged foods, and ready-made meals often contain a lot of sodium.

• You don't need to eliminate salt entirely, but you should read nutrition labels and prioritize fresh foods. When you reduce processed foods, the amount of salt and fat in your diet also often decreases.

Limit sweets and sugary drinks

• Cakes, cookies, candies, soft drinks, milk tea, and sugary beverages can increase the amount of sugar and calories consumed. The NIDDK specifically recommends limiting foods and beverages high in simple sugars, especially fructose, in people with fatty liver.

• If you want to lower liver enzymes, prioritize plain water, whole fruits, and low-sugar foods instead of soft drinks or added-sugar juices.

Limit or avoid alcohol

• Alcohol is a factor that particularly needs to be considered when you have liver disease. Alcohol consumption can cause or worsen liver damage, from alcohol-related fatty liver to hepatitis and cirrhosis.

• If you have been diagnosed with alcohol-related liver disease or advanced liver disease, stopping alcohol consumption is a crucial step to prevent further liver damage. The AASLD also recommends alcohol abstinence in people with alcohol-related liver disease.

No need to avoid all vegetable oils

• The original content lists "vegetable oil" as something to avoid, but this is too broad. Not all vegetable oils are harmful to the liver. Current dietary guidelines often encourage replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats rather than eliminating all oils.

• What matters is the type of fat, the amount used, and the total energy of the diet. Using too much oil, even vegetable oil, can still cause the total calorie intake to exceed needs.

Avoid raw or undercooked shellfish

• Oysters, clams, mussels, and other raw or undercooked shellfish can carry bacteria and viruses that cause illness, which is especially dangerous for people with chronic liver disease.

• Therefore, eat shellfish that is thoroughly cooked, purchased from a safe source, and properly stored. This is a measure to prevent infection, not a direct method to lower liver enzymes.

Focus on what to eat rather than just creating a "forbidden" list

• A liver-friendly diet should prioritize green vegetables, whole fruits, beans, fish, plant-based protein, nuts, and whole grains, while reducing red and processed meats, refined carbohydrates, saturated fats, and high-fructose foods. The AASLD now emphasizes a Mediterranean-style eating pattern in MASLD management.

• If elevated liver enzymes are related to overweight or fatty liver, gradual weight loss through a healthy diet and exercise can help reduce liver fat; losing about 3–5% of body weight can improve liver fat status, while some people need to lose about 7–10% to improve inflammation and fibrosis.

Don’t turn “at-home liver enzyme reduction” into an extreme restrictive diet

• The goal is not to eliminate as many foods as possible, but to build a diet that is nutritionally adequate, portion-controlled, and sustainable long-term.

• If you have persistently elevated liver enzymes, seek the cause with a doctor instead of just changing your menu. Diet can help lower liver enzymes, but it is not a substitute for treatment when the cause is viral hepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, or other chronic liver diseases.



Part 3: Herbs and supplements for lowering liver enzymes

Note 1: Be cautious with liver-supporting herbal teas

Herbal tea should not be considered a way to lower liver enzymes

• Some herbs like milk thistle, dandelion, astragalus, and green tea have long been used to support liver health. However, clinical evidence for their ability to directly lower liver enzymes is limited or inconsistent.

• Specifically, “natural herbs” should not be equated with “absolutely safe.” The AASLD notes that herbal medicines and dietary supplements are among the possible causes of drug- or supplement-induced liver injury.

Milk thistle has not been conclusively proven to improve liver disease

• Milk thistle contains the active compound silymarin and is often promoted for liver support. However, NCCIH states that studies on silymarin in liver disease have inconsistent results; some trials have shown no clear benefit for liver disease.

• Therefore, if you have elevated liver enzymes, you should not self-administer high doses of milk thistle to replace finding the cause or following prescribed treatment. If you are taking medication, talk to your doctor before taking additional herbal products as drug interactions may occur.

Green tea can be consumed as a beverage but should be distinguished from green tea extract

• Brewed green tea in moderation is different from concentrated green tea extract products. Some cases of liver injury have been reported in connection with green tea extract, especially in supplement form with high active ingredient content.

• If you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home, you should not self-administer green tea extract pills or "liver detox" products containing multiple ingredients. People with liver disease should be especially cautious with concentrated products.

Do not self-administer herbal doses from online sources

• The original content provides specific doses for milk thistle, astragalus, or dandelion root. However, these doses should not be blindly followed as the active ingredient content can vary between products, the quality of supplements is inconsistent, and evidence of therapeutic efficacy is not yet sufficiently robust.

• Some herbal products also carry the risk of inaccurate labeling or containing impurities, making it difficult to precisely determine the amount of active ingredient a user is actually ingesting.

Prioritize simple teas over multi-ingredient “liver detox” products

• If you enjoy tea, you can consider green tea or suitable herbal teas as part of your diet, but you should not expect tea to directly lower liver enzymes.

• In particular, be cautious with products advertised as “liver detox,” “liver cleanse,” “liver regeneration,” or those combining many herbs. The AASLD recommends a full history of medication and supplement use when evaluating liver injury.

Stop use and seek medical attention if abnormal signs appear

• If after using herbs or supplements, you experience jaundice, yellow eyes, dark urine, nausea, abdominal pain, itching, or unusual fatigue, you should stop using the suspected product and contact a healthcare professional for evaluation.

Safe ways to lower liver enzymes do not start with tea

• If the goal is to lower liver enzymes at home, the foundation remains identifying the cause of elevated liver enzymes, limiting alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and taking medication as directed.

• Herbal tea can be a beverage choice, but it should not become the primary treatment method. With liver disease, “natural” does not always mean “harmless”; sometimes what is advertised as helping the liver rest can actually make it work overtime.



Note 2: Use garlic and turmeric in meals

Add garlic and turmeric to dishes to enhance flavor

• Garlic and turmeric both contain plant compounds being studied for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. You can use them as spices in your daily diet, but they should not be considered medications to treat elevated liver enzymes.

• If you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home, the benefits of garlic and turmeric should be placed in the overall context: a balanced diet, weight control, exercise, and addressing the cause of liver damage are still more important than adding a single spice.

Use garlic in its usual food form

• You can add garlic to stir-fries, fish dishes, lean meats, soups, or other dishes according to your taste.

• Garlic contains bioactive sulfur compounds and can contribute to a plant-rich diet. However, current evidence is not sufficient to confirm that eating garlic daily can directly lower liver enzymes or prevent liver cancer.

• You should not switch from garlic in food to high-dose garlic extract pills with the goal of treating liver disease. Supplements with high active ingredient content may have different effects and risks than the amount of garlic used in meals.

Add turmeric to dishes in appropriate amounts

• Turmeric contains curcumin, a compound studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It can be used as a spice in fish, vegetable, soup, or daily dishes.

• However, studies on curcumin in liver disease are not yet sufficient to confirm that turmeric can treat hepatitis, NASH, cirrhosis, or directly normalize ALT and AST levels.

Distinguish turmeric in food from curcumin pills

• This is especially important if you are looking for ways to lower liver enzymes at home. Turmeric used in cooking and concentrated curcumin products are not equivalent in terms of dosage and exposure levels.

• NIH/NCCIH notes that there have been reports of liver injury associated with some turmeric or curcumin products, especially those with enhanced curcumin absorption.

• Therefore, if you have elevated liver enzymes, you should not self-administer high-dose curcumin simply because the product is advertised as “anti-inflammatory” or “liver-supporting.” Talk to your doctor before using supplements.

No need to force yourself to eat garlic or turmeric every day

• The original content recommends consuming at least one of the two types daily, but this is not a mandatory medical requirement. If you dislike or cannot tolerate them, you can get antioxidants and plant compounds from many other sources such as green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, whole fruits, beans, and nuts.

• A diverse diet will be more practical and sustainable than making a single spice a “secret to lowering liver enzymes.”

Focus on the cause rather than a single food

• If elevated liver enzymes are due to fatty liver, weight control, blood sugar, blood lipids, and physical activity are important. If due to alcohol, reducing or stopping alcohol consumption is an essential step. If due to medication, viral hepatitis, or other conditions, the appropriate cause needs to be addressed.

• Therefore, lowering liver enzymes is not a search for a “superfood.” Garlic and turmeric can make meals more delicious and provide plant compounds, but the foundation remains a healthy diet and treating the root cause of liver damage.



Note 3: Be cautious with antioxidant supplements

Do not self-administer antioxidants to lower liver enzymes

• Antioxidants can be obtained from green vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, and whole grains. For people with elevated liver enzymes, prioritizing natural foods and a balanced diet is generally more reasonable than self-supplementing with many types of pills.

• There is no evidence that people with elevated liver enzymes will generally improve ALT or AST levels by simply taking antioxidant supplements. Lowering liver enzymes requires focusing on the cause of the elevation.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is not a treatment for liver disease

• Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a compound involved in energy metabolism and has antioxidant properties. ALA has been studied in some metabolic diseases, but current evidence is not sufficient to recommend routine use for lowering liver enzymes.

• Specifically, do not self-administer the dose of 100 mg, 3 times/day from the source content. The dosage depends on the treatment purpose, product, and specific health condition.

ALA should be used with caution when taking diabetes medication

• ALA can affect blood sugar. If you are taking insulin or diabetes medication, self-supplementing with ALA can increase the risk of blood sugar dropping too low.

• If you want to use ALA while being treated for metabolic disease or elevated liver enzymes, talk to your doctor to evaluate the benefits, risks, and potential drug interactions.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has specific medical roles

• N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor that helps the body synthesize glutathione and plays a special role in treating paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. However, this does not mean that NAC is a supplement that can be routinely used to lower liver enzymes at home.

• The effectiveness of NAC in various liver diseases also depends on the cause and treatment context. Do not self-administer NAC doses based on the numbers in the source content.

Higher doses do not equate to higher efficacy

• The original content suggests an NAC dose of 200–250 mg, twice daily, but this is not a general dose applicable to everyone with elevated liver enzymes. NAC products have different concentrations and different intended uses.

• Self-increasing supplement doses to “accelerate” the process of lowering liver enzymes can be counterproductive and increase the risk of side effects or drug interactions.

Be cautious with all supplements when liver enzymes are elevated

• When evaluating elevated liver enzymes, your doctor needs to know all medications, vitamins, herbs, and supplements you are taking. Some seemingly harmless products can cause drug- or supplement-induced liver injury.

• If after starting a new product you experience jaundice, yellow eyes, dark urine, nausea, abdominal pain, or unusual fatigue, you should stop self-administering it and contact a healthcare professional for evaluation.

Prioritize antioxidants from food

• Instead of looking for pills to lower liver enzymes, build a diverse diet with leafy green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, whole fruits, beans, nuts, fish, and whole grains.

• If you have fatty liver associated with metabolic disorders, weight control, diet, and physical activity are much more evidence-based than self-combining a series of “liver-supporting” products.

Consult your doctor before supplementing with ALA or NAC

• If you are being treated for elevated liver enzymes, chronic liver disease, diabetes, or taking multiple medications, you should not self-add ALA, NAC, or other antioxidants to your care regimen.

• The goal of lowering liver enzymes at home is not to supplement with as many antioxidants as possible, but to reduce factors that cause liver damage and address the root cause. With the liver, “more” does not always mean “better.”



Monitor liver enzymes and current medications

Liver enzyme tests as prescribed by your doctor

• There is no fixed testing schedule like every 6 months that is suitable for all people with elevated liver enzymes. The frequency of testing depends on the level of liver enzyme elevation, the cause, underlying diseases, medications being used, and the course of health.

• When ALT, AST, or other liver indicators are abnormal, the doctor may request retesting after an appropriate period to monitor the trend. Evaluation often requires combining AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, albumin, and PT/INR depending on the case, rather than looking at a single indicator.

Do not stop medication on your own just because liver enzymes are elevated

• The original content recommends that people with elevated liver enzymes should not take statins, but this view is no longer consistent with current evidence. Statins can generally be used in most people with chronic liver disease when indicated to control cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. Serious liver damage from statins is very rare.

• Especially in people with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), cardiovascular risk is often significant. The AASLD recommends not letting concerns about the hepatotoxicity of statins hinder the treatment of dyslipidemia when the drug is indicated.

Check your medication list before attempting to lower liver enzymes

• Provide your doctor with a complete list of prescription medications, over-the-counter medications, vitamins, herbs, and supplements you are taking. Some medications and supplements can cause liver damage or alter liver enzymes.

• If you are taking statins, do not arbitrarily stop the medication just because ALT or AST is slightly elevated. Your doctor will evaluate the level of elevation, symptoms, bilirubin, underlying liver disease, and other causes before deciding to continue, adjust, or switch medications.

Statins need to be monitored for abnormal signs

• Current guidelines indicate that statins usually only require liver enzyme testing before starting and re-evaluation when clinically indicated, rather than excessive routine testing in everyone.

• If jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain, unusual fatigue, or other signs of suspected liver damage appear after taking medication, contact your doctor for evaluation.

The goal is to treat the cause, not just lower liver enzymes

• If you want to lower liver enzymes at home, you should not self-stop medication or replace medication with supplements. Reducing ALT and AST is only meaningful when the underlying cause of the abnormality is also controlled.

• A safe approach is to monitor tests according to a personalized schedule, review medications and supplements, limit alcohol, maintain an appropriate diet, and manage underlying medical conditions. For statins, the decision to continue or stop the medication should be made with a doctor based on a balance between cardiovascular benefits and liver risk for each individual.

References

1. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. “How to approach elevated liver enzymes?” AASLD Liver Fellow Network, 17 January 2025.
2. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. “AASLD Practice Guidance on Drug, Herbal, and Dietary Supplement–induced Liver Injury.” Hepatology, 2023.
3. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. “Clinical Assessment and Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.” AASLD Practice Guidance, updated 2023.
4. Chalasani N, Porter K, Bhattacharya R, et al. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2023;77(3):1036–1065.
5. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for NAFLD & NASH.” National Institutes of Health, reviewed April 2021.
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Treatment for NAFLD & NASH.” National Institutes of Health.
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. “Symptoms & Causes of Cirrhosis.” National Institutes of Health.
• National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. “Milk Thistle: Usefulness and Safety.” National Institutes of Health.
• National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. “Turmeric: Usefulness and Safety.” National Institutes of Health.
• Semmler G, Datz C, Trauner M. Nutrition and dietary interventions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology. 2023;29(Suppl):S130–S143.
• European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. 2019;70(1):172–193.
• European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL–EASD–EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. 2024;81(3):492–542.
• Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):328–357.
• Powell EE, Wong VW-S, Rinella M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The Lancet. 2021;397(10290):2212–2224.
• World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024.
• National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin C: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. National Institutes of Health.
• National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin E: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. National Institutes of Health.

Content edited by: Rowan Hudson Le.


Information consulted and verified by expert: Daniel Carter.