Vaginal Cancer in Women: 8 Early Signs

Many women have experienced anxiety when they discover a small lump, persistent itching, or unusual skin changes in their intimate area. Many silently endure it due to embarrassment about seeking medical attention, causing signs of vulvar cancer to be overlooked for a long time.

According to medical statistics, vulvar cancer is a relatively rare form of gynecological cancer, but the success rate of treatment can be very high if detected in its early stages. The problem is that early symptoms are often easily confused with infections, allergies, or common dermatological conditions, leading many to be complacent.

In this article, you will learn about the early warning signs of vulvar cancer in women, how to recognize abnormalities in the vulva, and measures to help reduce the risk of the disease. Early detection not only increases treatment effectiveness but also contributes to protecting reproductive health and long-term quality of life.

Vulvar Cancer: What You Need to Know

Regular self-examination of the intimate area

Regular observation and examination of your intimate area can help you easily recognize unusual changes in the vulva from an early stage.

• Take a few minutes each month to observe the color, shape, and surface of the skin in your intimate area.
• Pay attention to signs such as lumps, thickened skin patches, changes in color, or unusual sores.
• Early detection increases the chances of effective treatment if there are signs of vulvar cancer or other gynecological conditions.

Do not be complacent about persistent itching, pain, or bleeding

Some seemingly simple symptoms can be warning signs of a serious medical condition.

• Persistent itching in the intimate area without a clear cause.
• Pain or discomfort in the vulva for several days.
• Abnormal bleeding outside the menstrual cycle or after menopause.
• If these symptoms persist for more than 1–2 weeks despite proper hygiene, medical attention is needed.

See a doctor immediately if you notice any abnormalities

Many cases of vulvar cancer can be effectively treated if detected in the early stages.

1. Do not delay seeking medical attention due to apprehension.
2. Record the symptoms you are experiencing to discuss with your doctor.
3. Undergo tests or biopsies if recommended.
4. Follow the treatment plan and follow-up schedule as advised by a professional.

People at higher risk of vulvar cancer

Although the disease is quite rare, some factors can increase the risk of developing vulvar cancer in women.

• Long-term smoking.
• Women aged 60–75 and older.
• HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection.
• HIV infection leading to immune system deficiency.
• Family history of skin cancer or certain skin-related cancers.

If you belong to a high-risk group, you should have regular gynecological check-ups to detect abnormalities early and protect your long-term reproductive health.

Part 1: Vulvar Anatomy and How to Distinguish it from the Vagina

The vulva is the external female genitalia

Many people often use the word "vagina" to refer to the entire intimate area, but in reality, the external part you see is called the vulva.

• The vulva is the skin area located between the thighs, surrounding the vaginal opening.
• It is an organ that functions to protect reproductive organs and support sexual activity.
• The shape, size, and color of the vulva can vary in each woman, which is completely normal.

What parts make up the vulva?

Although there are differences in appearance, the basic structure of the vulva typically includes:

• Labia majora: Two outer skin folds that protect the internal structures.
• Labia minora: Two skin folds located inside the labia majora.
• Urethral opening: Where urine exits the body.
• Vaginal opening: The entrance to the vagina.
• Clitoris: An organ rich in nerve endings, playing an important role in sexual sensation.

Where does vulvar cancer typically appear?

Vulvar cancer is a relatively rare form of vulvar cancer but still requires early detection.

• The disease often appears on the labia majora, which is the outer skin of the vulva.
• In some cases, lesions can form on the labia minora or clitoris.
• Early signs may include persistent itching, lumps, changes in skin color, or unusual sores.

Understanding the anatomy of the vulva helps women easily recognize unusual changes, thereby proactively seeking early examination when there are suspicious signs of vulvar cancer or other gynecological conditions.

Part 2: Most Recognizable Signs of Vulvar Cancer

Sign 1: Persistent and Unrelenting Vulvar Itching

Persistent vulvar itching can be an abnormal sign to watch out for

Vaginal itching is a common symptom often associated with issues such as infection, allergies, or skin irritation. However, if the itching persists for several weeks and does not improve despite changes in hygiene habits or common treatments, you should not be complacent.

• Frequent or continuous itching sensation in the vulvar area.
• The itching affects daily activities, sleep, or causes prolonged discomfort.
• No clear cause identified, such as yeast infection, allergy, or use of new hygiene products.
• Home care measures do not bring relief.

When should you see a doctor?

If vulvar itching persists or worsens, seek medical attention proactively to determine the exact cause.

• Pay particular attention if itching is accompanied by lumps, skin color changes, sores, or abnormal bleeding.
• Your doctor can examine you and perform necessary tests to rule out the risk of vulvar cancer or other gynecological conditions.
• Early detection helps improve treatment effectiveness and limit future complications.

Although most cases of vulvar itching are not related to vulvar cancer, persistent and unexplained symptoms still require medical evaluation as soon as possible.

Sign 2: Unexplained Pain or Sensitivity in the Intimate Area

Persistent vulvar pain can be a sign that needs to be checked

Unusual pain or sensitivity in the vulvar area is not always indicative of a serious medical condition. However, if the pain persists, recurs frequently, or does not completely disappear, you should pay attention and see a doctor soon.

• Dull or burning pain that persists in the vulvar area.
• Discomfort occurs frequently, although the intensity of pain may sometimes increase or decrease.
• The intimate area becomes more sensitive to touch or during daily activities.
• Symptoms persist for several days or weeks without a clear cause.

Pain may increase during certain activities

In some women, pain or discomfort becomes more pronounced in the following situations:

• During sexual intercourse.
• When urinating or defecating.
• When sitting for long periods.
• When wearing tight clothing that causes friction with the intimate area.

When to see a doctor?

Persistent vulvar pain should not be considered a normal symptom, especially when accompanied by other abnormal signs.

• Appearance of a lump or thickened skin in the vulva.
• Changes in the skin color of the intimate area.
• Persistent itching or unusual burning sensation.
• Unexplained bleeding or discharge.

Although many cases of vulvar pain are related to infections or benign gynecological conditions, it can also be one of the early signs of vulvar cancer. Prompt examination helps determine the exact cause and increases the chances of effective treatment if the disease is detected in its early stages.

Sign 3: Vaginal Bleeding Outside of Your Menstrual Period

Abnormal bleeding can be a warning sign of a serious medical condition

If you are still of menstrual age, first determine if the bleeding is related to your menstrual cycle. If bleeding occurs outside of your period, especially if the cause is unclear, you should proactively seek early medical attention for an accurate assessment.

• Bleeding between menstrual periods.
• Bleeding after sexual intercourse.
• Spotting or abnormal bleeding after menopause.
• The condition recurs many times or persists without a clear cause.

Do not be complacent about this symptom

Abnormal bleeding in the intimate area can be related to various health issues.

• Gynecological infections.
• Cervical or uterine polyps.
• Hormonal imbalances.
• Gynecological conditions requiring treatment.
• In some cases, this can be a sign of vulvar cancer, cervical cancer, or other forms of vulvar cancer.

When to see a doctor?

Contact a healthcare facility as soon as possible if you notice:

• Bleeding unrelated to your menstrual period.
• Bleeding after menopause.
• Bleeding accompanied by pain, itching, or the appearance of a lump in the intimate area.
• Abnormal amount of blood or bleeding that lasts for many days.

Early examination helps determine the exact cause and detect underlying diseases in their early stages. For cases of vulvar cancer, early diagnosis and treatment often yield significantly better results.

Sign 4: Abnormally Heavy Vaginal Discharge

Unexplained changes in vaginal discharge should be monitored

Vaginal discharge is a normal physiological phenomenon in women and can change throughout the menstrual cycle. However, if the amount of discharge suddenly increases or there are abnormal changes in color, texture, or odor without a clear cause, you should take note.

• Vaginal discharge is heavier than usual for an extended period.
• Abnormal discharge appears outside the menstrual cycle.
• Not related to pregnancy, ovulation, or known hormonal changes.
• The condition persists or worsens over time.

Abnormal changes in vaginal discharge to watch out for

Every woman has unique characteristics of vaginal discharge, so you are often the first to notice differences.

• Changes in color such as opaque white, yellow, gray, or blood-tinged.
• Thicker or thinner texture than normal.
• Persistent unpleasant odor.
• Accompanied by itching, burning pain, or irritation in the intimate area.

When to see a doctor?

If vaginal discharge changes abnormally and cannot be explained by common causes, proactively seek medical attention to determine the cause.

1. Monitor the duration and extent of changes in vaginal discharge.
2. Note accompanying symptoms such as itching, pain, or bleeding.
3. Have a gynecological examination if the condition persists or recurs frequently.
4. Undergo necessary tests as prescribed by your doctor.

Although abnormal vaginal discharge is often associated with gynecological infections or hormonal imbalances, in some cases it can also be a warning sign of more serious medical conditions, including vulvar cancer or other forms of vulvar cancer. Early examination helps identify the exact cause and provides more effective treatment.

Sign 5: Changes in Skin Color or Thickness of the Intimate Area

Abnormal changes in vulvar skin color or thickness are signs to watch out for

Changes in the skin of the intimate area are one of the common signs of vulvar cancer. Because these changes often occur gradually, many women tend to overlook them or assume they are just common skin irritations.

• The skin of the vulvar area becomes redder or whiter than its natural color.
• Patches of skin appear with a different color than the surrounding skin.
• Changes persist and do not improve over time.
• Not related to clear causes such as allergies or infections.

The skin surface may become thicker and rougher

In addition to changes in color, the texture of the skin in the intimate area can also be unusual.

• Thickened skin in a specific area.
• Rough or bumpy skin surface compared to normal.
• Appearance of hard skin patches or abnormal skin when touched.
• Itching, pain, or discomfort in the affected area.

Monitoring skin abnormalities in the intimate area

Regular observation of the intimate area can help detect suspicious signs early.

1. Pay attention to changes in skin color, shape, or texture.
2. Monitor whether the signs persist for several weeks.
3. Note accompanying symptoms such as itching, pain, bleeding, or lumps.
4. See a gynecologist if you notice any unusual changes.

Although changes in vulvar skin can stem from many benign conditions, they are also one of the common signs of vulvar cancer in women. Early detection and timely examination will help increase the chances of effective treatment and protect long-term health.

Sign 6: Appearance of Lumps or Sores in the Intimate Area

Persistent lumps or sores can be an abnormal sign

The appearance of a lump, multiple small nodules, or a sore on the vulva is not always a sign of cancer. However, if these lesions persist for a long time or show no signs of healing, you should seek medical attention as soon as possible.

• Appearance of a single lump on the vulva.
• Multiple small nodules clustered together.
• The nodules may resemble genital warts or common skin lesions.
• The size or number of nodules gradually increases over time.

Slow-healing sores require particular attention

One of the important warning signs of vulvar cancer is the appearance of a persistent sore.

• The sore does not heal after several weeks to about a month.
• The lesion may cause pain, itching, or slight bleeding.
• The surface of the sore may be rough or change color.
• The condition recurs multiple times in the same location.

When to see a doctor?

If you find any unusual lumps or sores in your intimate area, you should not self-diagnose at home.

1. Monitor the time of appearance and changes in the lesion.
2. Do not arbitrarily apply medication or prolong treatment without identifying the cause.
3. Have a gynecological examination if the lump or sore does not improve after several weeks.
4. Undergo biopsy or necessary tests as prescribed by your doctor.

Although many cases of lumps or sores in the intimate area are due to infections, genital warts, or benign skin conditions, they can also be an early sign of vulvar cancer. Early detection and treatment often improve treatment effectiveness and reduce the risk of complications.

Sign 7: Abnormal mole changes in the intimate area

Changes in moles can be a warning sign

Most moles are benign and harmless. However, if a mole on the vulva or surrounding skin begins to change in size, shape, or color, you should monitor it carefully and seek medical attention if necessary.

• Moles that gradually grow over time.
• Moles that become darker or develop multiple colors.
• Moles whose shape changes from before.
• Moles that cause unusual itching, pain, or bleeding.

Apply the ABCDE rule to recognize suspicious signs

Experts often use the ABCDE rule to assess the cancer risk of a mole.

1. A – Asymmetry
   • The two halves of the mole do not match.
   • The shape is unbalanced or distorted.
2. B – Border (Irregular borders)
   • The mole's edges are jagged, blurred, or ill-defined.
   • The border is not round or as even as before.
3. C – Color (Non-uniform color)
   • The mole has different colors.
   • Areas of brown, black, red, white, or blue may be interspersed.
4. D – Diameter (Large diameter)
   • Larger than approximately 6 mm.
   • The diameter continues to increase over time.
5. E – Evolving (Changing over time)
   • The mole changes in size, shape, or color.
   • New symptoms appear, such as itching, pain, or bleeding.

When to see a doctor?

If you notice any signs from the ABCDE rule, especially in the vulvar area, you should be examined by a specialist.

• Do not self-assess the danger level by observation alone.
• Monitor and record changes in the mole over time.
• Seek early examination if the mole grows rapidly or shows unusual symptoms.

Although not every changing mole is cancerous, this is still a sign that requires attention as it could be related to dermatological conditions or certain forms of vulvar cancer. Early detection helps increase the effectiveness of treatment and limit future complications.

Sign 8: Pelvic pain during urination or intercourse

Pelvic pain is a symptom not to be ignored

Pain in the pelvic area during urination or sexual intercourse can be related to various gynecological conditions. While not always a sign of cancer, it is an important symptom that needs to be investigated to determine the exact cause.

• Dull or sharp pain in the lower abdomen and pelvic area.
• Pain that occurs during urination.
• Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse.
• Symptoms that are prolonged or recur multiple times.

This symptom can be related to many conditions

Pelvic pain does not only occur in cases of vulvar cancer or genital cancer, but can also be related to other health issues.

• Urinary tract infections.
• Gynecological infections.
• Endometriosis.
• Ovarian cysts.
• Uterine or cervical conditions.
• Certain types of gynecological and pelvic cancers.

Signs that require early examination

The risk of serious illness may be higher if the pain is accompanied by other symptoms.

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding.
• Increased or foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
• Itching, pain, or lumps in the intimate area.
• Painful urination, frequent urination, or a burning sensation during urination.
• Unexplained weight loss or persistent fatigue.

What to do if symptoms appear?

1. Monitor the timing of onset and the severity of pain.
2. Record any accompanying symptoms to provide to your doctor.
3. Do not self-medicate for prolonged periods without identifying the cause.
4. Proactively schedule a gynecological or urological appointment if symptoms persist or worsen.

Pelvic pain during urination or sexual intercourse is a warning sign that requires medical evaluation. Early examination helps detect underlying conditions, including vulvar cancer in women, thereby improving treatment effectiveness and protecting long-term health.

Part 3: How to diagnose and treat vulvar cancer

Step 1: Regular self-examination of the intimate area

Actively observe the vulva for early detection of abnormalities

Regular self-examination of the intimate area helps you understand your body and easily recognize abnormal changes from the early stages. This is a simple but very useful habit for early detection of signs of vulvar cancer and many other gynecological conditions.

• Dedicate time to check your intimate area once a month.
• Observe the color, shape, and skin surface of the vulva.
• Pay attention to new changes that appear or persist unusually.
• Perform the examination in a well-lit area for easier observation.

Combine observation with gentle palpation

In addition to visual inspection, you should use your hands to check for abnormalities that may not be easily visible.

1. Wash your hands thoroughly before examination.
2. Gently palpate the vulvar area with your fingers.
3. Look for signs such as lumps, thickened skin, or unusually painful areas.
4. Monitor changes in skin texture or the appearance of new lesions.

Use a mirror for clearer observation

A handheld mirror can help you inspect hard-to-see areas in detail.

• Observe the labia majora, labia minora, and surrounding skin.
• Check for ulcers, nodules, or abnormal color changes.
• Remember the normal characteristics of your body to easily recognize future changes.

Understanding your body is an important step to protect your health

There is nothing to be worried or ashamed about when learning about your own body. In fact, many signs of vulvar cancer are discovered when patients notice unusual changes compared to their previous normal state.

• Each woman has a unique vulvar anatomy and characteristics.
• What is considered normal for one person may differ for another.
• The better you understand your body, the easier it will be to detect abnormal signs that require medical attention.

Self-examination cannot replace a gynecological exam, but it is a simple way to detect suspicious changes early and proactively care for your long-term reproductive health.

Step 2: Consult a doctor if symptoms persist

Do not ignore abnormal symptoms lasting more than 2 weeks

If you notice any symptoms in your intimate area that persist for 2 weeks or more without improvement, proactively schedule an appointment with a general practitioner or gynecologist. Early examination can help identify the exact cause and improve treatment effectiveness if an underlying condition exists.

• Persistent vulvar itching.
• Pain or burning in the vulva.
• Abnormal bleeding outside of menstruation.
• Changes in vaginal discharge (color, odor, or amount).
• Appearance of lumps, sores, or discolored skin.

Prepare detailed information before your appointment

Providing complete information will help your doctor assess your health condition more accurately.

1. Record when symptoms first appeared.
2. Monitor the severity and frequency of symptoms.
3. List any self-treatment methods or symptom relief measures you have tried.
4. Inform about any existing medical conditions and medications you are currently taking.

Gynecological examination helps evaluate the cause of the disease

During the examination, the doctor typically performs a pelvic exam and assesses for abnormal signs in the genital organs.

• Observe the vulva and related areas.
• Check for the presence of masses, lesions, or skin changes.
• Order further tests or a biopsy if necessary.
• Rule out common gynecological conditions and other causes of symptoms.

Medical history is also an important factor

The doctor may ask about your personal and family medical history to assess disease risk.

• History of HPV or HIV infection.
• Smoking habits.
• Previous gynecological conditions.
• Family history of skin cancer or gynecological cancer.

Open communication with your doctor when abnormal signs appear is a crucial step for early detection of vulvar cancer and other forms of genital cancer. The earlier the diagnosis, the higher the chance of successful treatment and preservation of quality of life.

Step 3: Biopsy to determine if cancer is present

Biopsy is the most accurate diagnostic method

When abnormal signs are detected in the vulvar area, the doctor may order a biopsy to determine if the lesion is vulvar cancer. This is considered the gold standard in diagnosis and the most reliable way to reach an accurate conclusion.

• Biopsy helps identify the presence of cancer cells.
• It also helps differentiate between benign and malignant lesions.
• Biopsy results are an important basis for developing an appropriate treatment plan.

How is a biopsy performed?

The procedure is usually performed at a medical facility by a specialist.

1. The doctor identifies the suspicious area on the vulva.
2. Local anesthesia is administered to reduce discomfort during the procedure.
3. A small tissue sample is taken from the lesion.
4. The tissue sample is sent to the laboratory for microscopic analysis.

Why is biopsy important?

Many symptoms of vulvar cancer can mimic infections, skin irritation, or common gynecological conditions. Therefore, relying solely on external observation is often not enough to confirm the exact cause.

• Not all lumps or sores are cancerous.
• Conversely, some seemingly simple lesions can still contain malignant cells.
• Biopsy eliminates guesswork and provides clear answers.

No need to be overly concerned when a biopsy is ordered

A doctor recommending a biopsy does not mean you definitely have cancer.

• This is a necessary test to determine the nature of the lesion.
• The procedure is usually quick and relatively safe.
• Accurate results help avoid unnecessary treatment or missing serious conditions.

If you have signs such as persistent itching, lumps, slow-healing sores, or abnormal changes in your intimate area, undergoing a biopsy as directed by your doctor can help detect vulvar cancer early and improve your chances of successful treatment.

Step 4: Discuss treatment options after biopsy

The treatment plan will depend on the biopsy results

After receiving the biopsy results, the doctor will explain the condition and advise on appropriate treatment. The goal is to address current symptoms and effectively control or treat the disease if cancer cells are found.

• Treatment options will vary according to test results.
• Overall health status and the extent of the lesion are also considered when choosing a treatment method.
• Patients should discuss thoroughly with their doctor to understand the benefits and risks of each option.

If the results show no cancer

Even if the biopsy yields negative results, abnormal symptoms still need to be addressed to improve quality of life and prevent complications.

1. The doctor will identify the cause of symptoms such as itching, pain, or the appearance of a mass.
2. Develop a treatment plan suitable for each individual's specific condition.
3. Regular follow-up if the lesion needs further observation.
4. Treat related gynecological or dermatological conditions if detected.

Surgery may be needed to remove tumors or lesions

In some cases, a doctor may still recommend removing a tumor or abnormal tissue even if it is not cancerous.

• Helps reduce uncomfortable symptoms.
• Prevents the lesion from continuing to grow.
• Aids in more accurate assessment if there is a risk of abnormal changes in the future.

If the results confirm vulvar cancer

When a biopsy detects cancer cells, the doctor usually orders additional tests to assess the extent of the disease.

• Check if the cancer has spread to adjacent tissues.
• Assess the possibility of metastasis to lymph nodes or other organs.
• Determine the stage of the disease to choose appropriate treatment methods.

Potential treatment methods to consider

Depending on the stage and progression of the disease, the doctor may suggest one or a combination of treatment methods.

• Surgical removal of the tumor.
• Radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy.
• Other supportive treatments as professionally indicated.

Adhering to the treatment plan and follow-up appointments is crucial in managing vulvar cancer. The earlier it is detected, the higher the chance of successful treatment and preservation of functional activities for those with genital cancer.

Part 4: Who is susceptible to vulvar cancer? High-risk groups

Group 1: Age and vulvar cancer risk

Risk of disease increases with age

Age is one of the important risk factors for vulvar cancer. The majority of diagnosed cases occur in older women, especially between the ages of 65 and 75.

• The risk of developing the disease tends to increase with age.
• Postmenopausal women often have a higher incidence rate.
• Cellular changes over time can increase the likelihood of cancer formation.

Younger individuals can still get vulvar cancer

Although the disease is more common in older people, that doesn't mean younger women are completely safe from this risk.

• Some cases have been reported in women under 40.
• The risk may be higher with factors such as HPV infection, weakened immunity, or smoking.
• Therefore, all women should pay attention to abnormal signs in their intimate area, regardless of age.

Vulvar cancer often develops silently for many years

One of the reasons age is a risk factor is that the disease often progresses slowly.

1. Abnormal cell changes can occur over many years.
2. Initial symptoms are often mild and easily overlooked.
3. Many cases are only discovered when the lesion has been present for a long time.
4. Regular gynecological exams help detect precancerous changes or early-stage cancer.

Do not be complacent just because you are young

Many people think that intimate area cancer only occurs in older women. However, early recognition of symptoms such as persistent itching, lumps, skin color changes, or slow-healing sores is still very important at any age.

Understanding the risk factors and maintaining regular health check-ups will help detect vulvar cancer early, thereby increasing the chances of successful treatment and long-term health protection.

Group 2: HPV infection increases the risk of vulvar cancer

HPV is a significant risk factor for intimate area cancer

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a virus primarily transmitted through sexual contact. This is one of the recognized risk factors associated with vulvar cancer, and it is also linked to many other cancers of the female reproductive organs.

• HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases.
• Many HPV infections cause no obvious symptoms.
• Some high-risk HPV strains can cause abnormal cell changes and increase cancer risk.

HPV is not only associated with vulvar cancer

Persistent HPV infection can increase the risk of developing many different types of cancer.

• Cervical cancer.
• Vulvar cancer.
• Vaginal cancer.
• Some forms of intimate area cancer and other reproductive organ cancers.

However, not everyone infected with HPV will develop cancer. In most cases, the immune system can clear the virus over time.

Other sexually transmitted diseases can also affect the risk of disease

In addition to HPV, a history of or exposure to other sexually transmitted diseases can also affect reproductive health and increase the risk of abnormal lesions in the intimate area.

• Unprotected sexual intercourse.
• Multiple sexual partners.
• History of sexually transmitted diseases.
• Weakened immune system makes it harder for the body to control the virus.

Ways to reduce the risk of HPV infection

1. Get the HPV vaccine as recommended by your doctor.
2. Practice safe sex and use appropriate protection.
3. Undergo regular gynecological exams to detect abnormalities early.
4. Do not smoke and maintain a healthy lifestyle to support the immune system.

Although HPV infection does not mean you will get vulvar cancer, it is still an important risk factor to consider. Proactive prevention and regular screening are effective measures to reduce the risk of intimate area cancer and protect long-term health.

Group 3: HIV infection and the risk of vulvar cancer

HIV can increase the risk of intimate area cancer

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that causes immunodeficiency in humans. When the immune system is weakened, the body has more difficulty fighting viruses, bacteria, and abnormal cells, thereby increasing the risk of some cancers, including vulvar cancer.

• A weakened immune system makes it difficult for the body to control abnormal cell damage.
• The ability to fight pathogens is reduced.
• The risk of some malignancies can be higher compared to people with healthy immune systems.

The link between HIV and vulvar cancer

People with HIV often have a higher risk of diseases related to HPV, a significant risk factor for intimate area cancer in women.

• The body has more difficulty clearing HPV when the immune system is weakened.
• Persistent HPV infection can increase the risk of precancerous changes.
• The risk of developing abnormal vulvar lesions may be higher if not properly monitored and treated.

People with HIV need to prioritize regular screening

Regular health monitoring helps detect abnormalities early and improves treatment effectiveness.

1. Regular gynecological exams as guided by a doctor.
2. Monitor symptoms such as itching, pain, lumps, or changes in intimate skin color.
3. Treat HIV and adhere to the full antiretroviral drug regimen.
4. Undergo screening tests when indicated.

Proactive HIV management helps reduce the risk of complications

Effective HIV treatment not only improves quality of life but also helps maintain a healthier immune system.

• Adherence to treatment helps reduce the viral load in the body.
• Reduces the risk of opportunistic infections.
• Contributes to reducing the risk of developing cancers associated with immunodeficiency.

HIV infection does not mean you will definitely get vulvar cancer. However, this is a risk factor that needs to be noted. Good treatment, regular health check-ups, and early detection of abnormalities in the intimate area are important steps to protect long-term health.

Group 4: Family history of skin cancer

Family history can increase the risk of vulvar cancer

Some forms of vulvar cancer originate from skin cells in the vulvar area. Therefore, if there is a family history of skin cancer, especially melanoma, your risk of developing the disease may be higher compared to someone without this factor.

• Parents, siblings, or close relatives with a history of skin cancer.
• Family history of malignant melanoma.
• Multiple family members with skin-related cancers.

Higher risk if you have a history of skin cancer

People who have been diagnosed with skin cancer in other parts of the body should pay particular attention to changes in the intimate area.

• A history of skin cancer can increase the risk of similar lesions appearing in other areas.
• Monitor moles, discolored skin patches, or abnormal lesions on the vulva.
• Do not ignore small changes in the color or shape of intimate area skin.

Signs to monitor regularly

If you are in a high-risk group, you should pay attention to abnormal manifestations of vulvar skin.

1. Moles that change in size or shape.
2. Abnormal discoloration of intimate area skin.
3. Appearance of lumps, nodules, or slow-healing sores.
4. Persistent itching, pain, or unexplained bleeding.

Regular check-ups help detect disease early

Screening and regular health monitoring are especially important for those with a family history of skin cancer.

• Undergo gynecological exams according to your doctor's recommended schedule.
• Report any abnormal changes in the intimate area immediately.
• Adhere to monitoring guidelines if you have a prior history of skin cancer.

Although a family history does not mean you will definitely get intimate area cancer, it is still a noteworthy risk factor. Proactive health monitoring and early detection of abnormal signs can significantly increase the chances of successful treatment if the disease occurs.

Group 5: Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN)

VIN is a precancerous condition that needs monitoring

Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) is a condition where abnormal cells appear on the surface of the vulvar skin. This is considered a precancerous lesion, meaning it has the potential to progress to vulvar cancer in the future if not properly monitored and treated.

• VIN is not cancer.
• Abnormal cells are only present in the superficial layer of the vulvar skin.
• The risk of progressing to cancer exists but does not occur in all cases.

Most people with VIN do not develop cancer

Although VIN is classified as a precancerous condition, most patients will not progress to intimate area cancer if detected and managed correctly.

• Many cases are effectively controlled with early treatment.
• The risk of transforming into cancer usually takes a long time.
• Regular follow-up helps detect abnormal changes early.

Signs that may occur in people with VIN

VIN sometimes causes no obvious symptoms, but some people may experience the following:

• Persistent vulvar itching.
• Vulvar skin discoloration or abnormal patches of skin.
• Lumps or thickened areas of skin.
• Pain or discomfort in the intimate area.

Treating VIN helps reduce the risk of vulvar cancer

When VIN is diagnosed, a doctor may recommend a treatment method based on the extent of the lesion and the patient's health status.

1. Regular monitoring for some appropriate cases.
2. Removal of abnormal tissue using specialized treatment methods.
3. Treatment of associated risk factors such as HPV infection.
4. Frequent follow-up to check for recurrence.

Proactive health monitoring is a crucial factor

Early detection of VIN offers many advantages in preventing vulvar cancer.

• Adhere to the follow-up schedule as prescribed by your doctor.
• Monitor for new changes appearing in the intimate area.
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle and reduce risk factors such as smoking.
• Take HPV prevention measures when appropriate.

VIN does not mean you will get intimate area cancer, but it is a warning sign that needs attention. Proper treatment and monitoring can significantly reduce the risk of progression to cancer in the future.

Group 6: History of gynecological cancer and precancerous lesions

Some gynecological conditions can increase the risk of vulvar cancer

The risk of developing vulvar cancer may be higher in women who have had gynecological cancers or precancerous lesions related to the reproductive organs. These factors do not necessarily mean vulvar cancer will develop, but they require closer monitoring.

• A history of abnormal Pap test results.
• History of cervical cancer or vaginal cancer.
• Family history of cervical cancer or other gynecological cancers.
• Previous diagnosis of precancerous lesions in the reproductive organs.

HPV is a risk factor associated with many types of intimate area cancers

The HPV virus is closely linked to many forms of intimate area cancer in women, including vulvar cancer.

• Previous positive HPV test, especially for high-risk strains.
• Persistent HPV infection increases the likelihood of abnormal cell changes.
• Not being vaccinated against HPV can increase the risk of future virus infection.
• Vaccination and regular gynecological exams help reduce the risk of HPV-related diseases.

Lichen sclerosus is a dermatological condition that needs attention

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic skin condition that can affect the vulvar area. The condition often causes the intimate skin to become thinner, whiter than normal, and leads to persistent itching.

• Thin, easily irritated, or damaged vulvar skin.
• Persistent intimate area itching, especially at night.
• May develop white patches or changes in skin texture.
• A small percentage of people with the disease may develop vulvar cancer over time.

Monitoring and early treatment help reduce risk

If you are in a high-risk group, proactive regular health check-ups are very important.

1. Undergo gynecological exams according to the recommended schedule.
2. Treat and monitor precancerous lesions if detected.
3. Adhere to the treatment regimen for lichen sclerosus.
4. Monitor for signs such as persistent itching, lumps, skin color changes, or slow-healing sores.

While the above risk factors do not mean you will definitely get vulvar cancer, they can increase the likelihood of developing the disease over time. Early detection and good management of underlying conditions are effective ways to reduce risk and protect long-term gynecological health.

Group 7: Smoking increases the risk of vulvar cancer

Smoking is a preventable risk factor

Smoking not only harms the heart and lungs but also increases the risk of many types of cancer, including vulvar cancer and other forms of intimate area cancer. Harmful chemicals in tobacco can damage cells and weaken the body's natural defense mechanisms.

• Increases the risk of abnormal cell changes.
• Weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off pathogens.
• Increases the risk of many other cancers such as cervical cancer, lung cancer, and oral cavity cancer.

E-cigarettes are also not a safe option

Although many people believe e-cigarettes are less harmful than traditional cigarettes, using nicotine-containing products can still negatively affect health.

• Nicotine can impact the immune system and cell repair processes.
• E-cigarette use is not considered a cancer prevention measure.
• More research is needed to fully assess the long-term impact of this form on cancer risk.

Smoking enhances the impact of HPV

Many studies show that the risk of developing vulvar cancer may be higher when smoking is combined with HPV infection.

• The body has more difficulty clearing the HPV virus when frequently exposed to tobacco smoke.
• Precancerous lesions may progress faster.
• The risk of intimate area abnormalities increases over time.

Plan to quit smoking as early as possible

Quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of many serious diseases.

1. Determine a target quit date.
2. Avoid situations that trigger the urge to smoke.
3. Seek support from family or healthcare professionals.
4. Maintain a healthy lifestyle with a proper diet and exercise.

Quitting smoking offers health benefits at any age. The sooner you quit, the more significantly the risk of vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, and many other dangerous diseases can be reduced over time.

Part 5: Effective Ways to Prevent Vulvar Cancer at Home

Step 1: Practice Safe Sex to Reduce the Risk of Vulvar Cancer

Use condoms during sexual intercourse

Safe sex is one of the important measures to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Some causative agents, especially HPV, are directly linked to vulvar cancer and many other types of genital cancers.

• Use condoms correctly every time you have sex.
• Helps reduce the risk of contracting HPV, HIV, and many other sexually transmitted diseases.
• Supports reproductive health for both partners.

Reduce the risk of HPV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases

Although condoms cannot completely eliminate the risk of HPV infection, regular use still provides significant protective efficacy.

• Limit direct contact with disease-causing agents.
• Reduce the risk of developing precancerous lesions related to HPV.
• Contributes to long-term gynecological health protection.

Get a health check-up before stopping condom use

For couples in long-term relationships, discontinuing condom use should be carefully considered.

1. Both partners should get tested for sexually transmitted diseases.
2. Discuss reproductive health openly and honestly.
3. Consult a doctor if there are specific risk factors.
4. Only make a decision after having all necessary information.

Combine multiple preventive measures to protect your health

In addition to using condoms, you can reduce your risk of vulvar cancer and other gynecological diseases by:

• Getting the HPV vaccine as recommended.
• Undergoing regular gynecological exams.
• Not smoking.
• Proactively monitoring for any abnormal signs in the genital area.

Safe sex not only helps prevent sexually transmitted diseases but also contributes to reducing the risk of genital cancer in women, especially when combined with HPV vaccination and regular health screenings.

Step 2: Get the HPV Vaccine Before Age 45

HPV vaccine helps reduce the risk of vulvar cancer

HPV vaccination is one of the effective preventive measures against HPV-related diseases, including vulvar cancer, cervical cancer, and many other forms of genital cancer. The earlier the vaccination, the higher the protective efficacy typically achieved.

• The HPV vaccine is recommended for individuals aged 12 to 45.
• Helps protect against high-risk HPV strains that cause cancer.
• Contributes to reducing the risk of developing precancerous lesions in the future.

Early vaccination provides better protection

The ideal vaccination age is typically before exposure to HPV.

• Many individuals are vaccinated between the ages of 12 and 14.
• The immune system at this age typically produces a strong protective response.
• Early vaccination helps reduce the risk of future HPV infection.

It is still possible to get vaccinated if you have not been previously vaccinated

If you have never received the HPV vaccine when you were younger, getting a catch-up vaccination at an older age can still offer benefits.

1. Consult a doctor to assess suitability.
2. Choose the vaccine type according to current recommendations.
3. Adhere to the full vaccination schedule for optimal protection.
4. Combine with regular gynecological exams for long-term health protection.

Adults may need more doses

In some cases, older adolescents and adults may need more doses than those vaccinated early.

• The specific vaccination schedule depends on the age at which vaccination begins.
• It is necessary to complete the full number of doses as instructed by the healthcare facility.
• Booster shots in the schedule should not be missed.

Vaccination does not replace health screening

Even if you have been vaccinated against HPV, you should still maintain other health protection measures.

• Regular gynecological exams.
• Safe sex practices.
• Monitor for any unusual signs in the genital area.
• Do not smoke and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

HPV vaccination is a proactive step to reduce the risk of vulvar cancer and many HPV-related diseases. This is one of the most effective preventive measures to protect reproductive health and long-term well-being.

Step 3: Regular Gynecological Exams as Recommended by Your Doctor

Regular gynecological exams help detect diseases early

Regular gynecological exams are one of the most effective ways to detect abnormalities in female reproductive organs early, including vulvar cancer, precancerous lesions, and many other gynecological diseases. Even without symptoms, regular health checks are very important.

• Undergo gynecological exams annually or as scheduled by your doctor.
• Helps detect abnormal changes early before the disease progresses.
• Provides an opportunity for more effective treatment if the disease is detected in its early stages.

High-risk individuals may need more frequent exams

Some individuals need closer monitoring to reduce the risk of missing abnormal lesions.

• Individuals previously infected with high-risk HPV.
• Individuals with precancerous lesions such as VIN.
• Individuals with HIV or compromised immune systems.
• Individuals with a history of gynecological cancer or a family history of related cancers.

The doctor will base the appropriate follow-up schedule on your health status and risk factors.

Do not wait for your next scheduled exam if symptoms appear

Even with a scheduled regular exam, you should contact your doctor immediately if you notice any alarming signs.

1. Persistent vulvar itching of unknown cause.
2. Appearance of lumps or sores that do not heal.
3. Abnormal bleeding outside of menstruation.
4. Pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse.
5. Changes in vulvar skin color or texture.

The earlier the detection, the more favorable the treatment

For vulvar cancer, the time of detection significantly impacts treatment effectiveness.

• Early-stage disease often has more treatment options.
• The likelihood of disease control and recovery is usually higher.
• Complex treatment interventions can be limited, and the risk of complications reduced.

Regular gynecological exams combined with proactive monitoring for abnormal signs are effective ways to protect reproductive health. For vulvar cancer, early detection is always a crucial factor in improving the chances of successful treatment and enhancing long-term quality of life.

Step 4: Delay Sexual Activity Too Early

Having sex at an appropriate age can help reduce the risk of disease

Some studies suggest that starting sexual activity too early may be associated with a higher risk of certain gynecological conditions and genital cancers. The primary reason is believed to be the increased risk of exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, especially HPV, over a longer period.

• Early sexual activity can increase the risk of HPV infection.
• HPV is a significant risk factor for vulvar cancer and cervical cancer.
• Prolonged exposure to risk factors can affect long-term reproductive health.

Limit the risk from sexually transmitted diseases

In addition to the age of first intercourse, factors related to sexual behavior can also affect disease risk.

• Having multiple partners increases the likelihood of exposure to HPV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
• Not using appropriate protection measures can increase the risk of infection.
• Proactively protecting sexual health is an important part of disease prevention.

Choosing the right time for sexual activity

Waiting until you are more physically and psychologically mature can offer many health benefits.

1. Gain more knowledge about reproductive health and safe sex.
2. Better understand methods to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
3. Make more appropriate and responsible decisions.
4. Reduce the risk of encountering health problems related to unsafe sexual activity.

Combine other preventive measures

Regardless of the age at which sexual activity begins, protecting reproductive health remains very important.

• Get the HPV vaccine as recommended.
• Use condoms during sexual intercourse.
• Undergo regular gynecological exams.
• Proactively monitor for any abnormal signs in the genital area.

Delaying sexual activity too early and practicing safe sex can help reduce the risk of HPV infection, thereby supporting the prevention of vulvar cancer and other forms of genital cancer in women in the future.

Step 5: Proactively Control Modifiable Risk Factors

Focus on factors you can control

Not all risk factors for vulvar cancer can be prevented. For instance, age or family history are unchangeable factors. However, many daily habits and lifestyle choices can directly affect the risk of developing the disease.

• Proactively care for reproductive health.
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
• Limit behaviors that increase disease risk.
• Undergo regular health check-ups to detect abnormalities early.

Protect sexual health safely

Safe sex is one of the important measures to reduce the risk of HPV infection and sexually transmitted diseases.

1. Use condoms during sex.
2. Get the HPV vaccine as recommended.
3. Limit high-risk sexual behaviors.
4. Undergo regular testing and health check-ups when necessary.

Maintain a lifestyle that supports cancer prevention

Healthy habits can help protect the body against many diseases, including genital cancer.

• Do not smoke or use nicotine-containing products.
• Eat a balanced diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits, and nutrient-rich foods.
• Exercise regularly to maintain overall health.
• Manage stress and get enough sleep.

Do not ignore unusual body signs

Early detection often leads to more effective treatment for many types of cancer.

• Monitor for changes in the genital area such as itching, lumps, or skin discoloration.
• See a doctor if symptoms persist for more than 2 weeks.
• Follow the gynecological exam schedule as advised by your doctor.
• Undergo necessary tests if you belong to a high-risk group.

Prevention is always better than cure

While it's impossible to completely eliminate the risk of vulvar cancer, proactively controlling modifiable risk factors can significantly reduce the likelihood of developing the disease. Healthy choices today not only help protect reproductive health but also contribute to reducing the risk of many other cancers in the future.

References

1. American Cancer Society. (2024). Vulvar Cancer. American Cancer Society.
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3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cancer. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
4. Cohen, P. A., Anderson, L., Eva, L., Scurry, J., & Clinical Oncology Society of Australia. (2019). Clinical and molecular classification of vulvar squamous precancers. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 29(4), 822–828.
5. DiSaia, P. J., & Creasman, W. T. (2022). Clinical Gynecologic Oncology (10th ed.). Elsevier.
6. National Cancer Institute. (2024). Vulvar Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version. National Institutes of Health.
7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2025). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Vulvar Cancer. NCCN Publishing.
8. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. (2021). Management of Vulval Cancer. Green-top Guideline. RCOG Press.
9. Stewart, B. W., & Wild, C. P. (Eds.). (2020). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
10. World Health Organization. (2024). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer. World Health Organization.
11. World Health Organization. (2024). Classification of Female Genital Tumours (5th ed.). WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board.
12. Woelber, L., Trillsch, F., Kock, L., Grimm, D., Petersen, C., Choschzick, M., & Mahner, S. (2021). Management of patients with vulvar cancer: A perspective review according to tumour stage. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology, 13, 1–15.
13. van der Avoort, I. A. M., Shirango, H., Hoevenaars, B. M., Grefte, J. M., de Hullu, J. A., & Melchers, W. J. G. (2006). Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma development after diagnosis of VIN increases with age. European Journal of Cancer, 42(9), 1277–1282.
    

Content edited by: Ashley Wright Nguyen.

Information reviewed and verified by expert: Charlotte Davis.