How to Lower Blood Calcium Safely: 4 Natural, Drug-Free Tips

High blood calcium (or hypercalcemia) is a condition that can affect about 1–2% of the general population and is more common in older adults. If left uncontrolled, hypercalcemia can increase the risk of kidney stones, impaired kidney function, osteoporosis, heart arrhythmias, and affect brain activity. However, many people only discover the condition after a blood test, as the initial symptoms are often quite vague.

If you are looking for ways to lower blood calcium, this article will help you understand the causes of high blood calcium, when to adjust your diet, drink enough water, limit calcium-rich foods, or use medication as prescribed by your doctor. Tiptory will also share common treatment methods, from lifestyle changes to medical interventions when necessary, to help you safely control hypercalcemia and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Part 1: How to lower blood calcium at home through lifestyle changes

Tip 1: Avoid calcium-containing products

Stop taking calcium supplements

• If you have hypercalcemia or need to lower blood calcium, the first step is to stop using calcium supplements, unless your doctor advises you to continue.
• Check the ingredients of over-the-counter products such as effervescent tablets, multivitamins, or minerals to ensure they do not contain calcium.
• Do not take calcium supplements on your own without a doctor's prescription, as excess calcium can worsen the condition of high blood calcium.

Switch to calcium-free multivitamins

• If you have a habit of taking daily vitamins, talk to your doctor or pharmacist to choose a multivitamin that does not contain added calcium.
• This helps your body still get the necessary vitamins and minerals without increasing blood calcium levels.

Be cautious with antacids

• Many antacids contain calcium, which can contribute to increased blood calcium levels if used regularly.
• Read the ingredients carefully before purchasing or ask your pharmacist about suitable alternative products, such as magnesium-containing antacids if approved by your doctor.
• Additionally, consult a healthcare professional before using any medications or herbs to avoid affecting your treatment.

Choose appropriate medication for stomach pain

• If you experience stomach pain or discomfort, you can ask your doctor about calcium-free medications, such as those containing bismuth subsalicylate.
• However, always check the ingredients list as some products on the market may have added calcium.

Check current medications

• Some prescription medications can increase blood calcium, even if you are not supplementing calcium from food.
• Thiazide diuretics for high blood pressure and lithium-containing drugs are two common examples that can increase calcium levels.
• If you are taking these medications, do not stop them on your own; discuss it with your doctor for evaluation and adjustment of the treatment regimen if necessary.

Notes on using calcium and over-the-counter medications

• Taking too many calcium supplements or calcium-containing antacids can cause various health problems, even in healthy individuals.
• Always use medications and supplements at the prescribed dosage or as directed by your doctor.
• If you experience symptoms such as excessive thirst, nausea, prolonged constipation, abdominal pain, or unusual fatigue, seek medical attention to check your blood calcium levels and receive timely treatment.

Tip 2: Drink enough water daily

Maintain 2–2.5 liters of water per day

• When needing to lower blood calcium, drink about 2–2.5 liters of water and other fluids daily, unless your doctor advises limiting fluids due to heart, kidney, or other medical conditions.
• Drinking enough water helps the kidneys excrete excess calcium through urine, thereby reducing the risk of calcium kidney stones – a common complication in people with hypercalcemia.
• In addition to plain water, you can supplement with broth, low-sodium mineral water, or unsweetened beverages to help maintain adequate hydration for your body.

Monitor urine color to assess hydration status

• A simple way to know if your body is adequately hydrated is to observe your urine color.
• Light yellow or nearly clear urine usually indicates that you are drinking enough water.
• If your urine is dark yellow or darker than usual, increase your water intake during the day unless there are contraindications from your doctor.

Don't wait until you're thirsty to drink water

• The feeling of thirst indicates that your body has already started to become dehydrated.
• Instead of drinking a lot of water at once, spread out your water intake throughout the day to maintain kidney function and effectively control blood calcium.
• People who exercise regularly, work outdoors, or live in hot weather should pay attention to hydrating early and consistently to prevent dehydration.

Tip 3: Adjust calcium-rich foods

Limit calcium-rich foods as directed by your doctor

• If you have hypercalcemia, your doctor may recommend reducing your dietary calcium intake or temporarily restricting calcium-rich foods.
• Adjusting your diet helps reduce the amount of calcium entering your body, supports the process of lowering blood calcium, and minimizes the risk of complications.
• Do not completely eliminate calcium-rich foods on your own without guidance from a doctor or nutritionist.

Reduce dairy products when necessary

• Milk and dairy products are rich sources of calcium, so you may be asked to reduce or temporarily stop consuming them during treatment.
• Foods that often need to be limited include:
  • Fresh milk and condensed milk.
  • Cheese.
  • Yogurt.
  • Ice cream and other dairy desserts.
• Once your blood calcium levels return to a safe range, your doctor will assess whether you can reintroduce these foods.

Control total daily calcium intake

• In some cases, your doctor may recommend a calcium intake of less than 1,000 mg per day to help control high blood calcium.
• This limit may vary depending on the cause of hypercalcemia, age, and co-existing medical conditions.
• Following your doctor's instructions correctly will help achieve better treatment effectiveness.

Note other calcium sources in your diet

• Calcium is not only found in milk but also in many other foods such as:
  • Dark leafy greens.
  • Calcium-fortified cereals.
  • Calcium-fortified plant-based milks.
• Read the nutrition facts label on packaging to proactively control your daily calcium intake.

Do not cut calcium excessively

• Calcium is still an essential mineral for maintaining bone, teeth, muscle, and nervous system health.
• Therefore, limiting calcium-rich foods should only be done under a doctor's guidance and requires regular monitoring through tests.
• If you voluntarily avoid calcium for a long time, you may face the risk of calcium deficiency and affect bone health.

Tip 4: Exercise daily

Exercise at least 30 minutes daily

• Regular exercise helps maintain bone and muscle health and supports the body in effectively controlling blood calcium.
• If possible, dedicate at least 30 minutes daily to moderate-intensity physical activities such as:
  • Brisk walking.
  • Climbing stairs.
  • Cycling.
  • Light aerobics or swimming.
• You can also divide your exercise time into 2–3 sessions throughout the day if you cannot exercise continuously.

Avoid lying or sitting still for too long

• Some cases of hypercalcemia are associated with prolonged immobility, especially in people after surgery, injury, or illness requiring prolonged bed rest.
• When the body is less active, calcium from bones can be released into the blood more, leading to an increase in blood calcium levels.
• If your health permits, change positions, stand up and walk around, or perform light exercises several times a day.

Consult your doctor before starting an exercise program

• If you have been inactive or have chronic diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, kidney disease, or musculoskeletal problems, consult your doctor before increasing physical activity.
• Your doctor will help you choose an appropriate level of exercise to support blood calcium reduction while ensuring safety.

Choose suitable exercises if mobility is limited

• People who have difficulty walking or use a wheelchair can still exercise with routines appropriate for their physical condition.
• Ask your doctor or rehabilitation specialist to guide you through exercises that improve circulation, maintain muscle strength, and reduce the effects of prolonged immobility.
• Maintaining proper exercise not only helps control high blood calcium but also contributes to improving overall health and quality of life.

Part 2: Symptoms and causes of hypercalcemia

Note 1: Provide information to your doctor

Share complete medical history and dietary habits

• If blood test results show high blood calcium, provide your doctor with complete information about your daily diet, supplements, and medications you are taking.
• Remember to inform them if you regularly take calcium supplements, multivitamins, antacids, or herbal products, as these can affect blood calcium levels.
• This information helps your doctor identify the cause of hypercalcemia and choose the appropriate treatment method.

Report family medical history

• Let your doctor know if any family members have had:
  • Hypercalcemia.
  • Parathyroid disorders.
  • Kidney stones.
  • Cancer.
• Family history is an important factor that helps your doctor assess the risk of diseases related to high blood calcium and order additional tests if necessary.

Monitor and describe unusual symptoms

• Although many people with hypercalcemia do not show obvious symptoms, some symptoms may appear when calcium levels remain high for an extended period.
• Inform your doctor if you experience one or more of the following signs:
  • Nausea or vomiting.
  • Loss of appetite.
  • Increased thirst.
  • Frequent urination.
  • Muscle weakness or prolonged fatigue.
  • Bone or joint pain.
  • Brittle bones, easy to fracture.
  • Difficulty concentrating, confusion, or altered consciousness.
• Recording the onset, severity, and frequency of symptoms will help your doctor accurately assess your condition and develop an effective plan to lower blood calcium.

Complete all prescribed tests

• In many cases, hypercalcemia is incidentally discovered during routine blood tests because the disease may not cause symptoms in its early stages.
• If test results are abnormal, your doctor may order additional tests such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), kidney function, or other tests to determine the cause and monitor the treatment process.
• Early detection and correct treatment of the cause will help safely lower blood calcium and reduce the risk of kidney, bone, and cardiovascular complications.

Note 2: Undergo necessary tests

Perform blood and urine tests to confirm diagnosis

• If hypercalcemia is suspected, your doctor will order tests to accurately determine blood calcium levels.
• Calcium is often checked in routine blood tests. If initial results are higher than normal, you may need to repeat the test to rule out errors and accurately assess the condition.
• Your doctor may also request a urine test to determine the amount of calcium excreted through the kidneys, thereby helping to find the cause of high blood calcium.

Check vitamin D levels if necessary

• Vitamin D plays an important role in the body's calcium absorption process.
• Therefore, your doctor may order a vitamin D test to assess whether vitamin D deficiency or excess is related to hypercalcemia.
• In some cases, you may also be prescribed other tests such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), kidney function, or blood phosphorus to determine the exact cause.

Feel comfortable performing tests

• Blood and urine tests are simple, safe techniques commonly performed at medical facilities.
• Sample collection only takes a few minutes and does not require invasive intervention, so you should not worry too much before performing them.
• A relaxed mindset and following the instructions of medical staff will help the testing process go smoothly.

Persevere with monitoring and treatment based on the cause

• If hypercalcemia is prolonged, treatment often focuses not only on reducing calcium levels but also on identifying and addressing the underlying cause.
• During treatment, your doctor may order repeated tests or adjust medications to find the most suitable regimen.
• Some measures, such as intravenous fluid administration, can rapidly lower blood calcium in emergencies, but are not a long-term solution for all patients.
• Be persistent with follow-up appointments, adhere to treatment instructions, and discuss any new symptoms or changes in test results with your doctor. This is an important factor in safely and sustainably controlling high blood calcium.

Note 3: Parathyroid hormone testing

Perform parathyroid hormone (PTH) test

• When high blood calcium is detected, doctors often order a PTH test to evaluate the activity of the parathyroid glands.
• This is one of the important tests that helps identify the cause of hypercalcemia, thereby allowing for the selection of appropriate treatment methods.
• The test is performed by taking a blood sample, and in most cases, no fasting or special preparation is needed before collection.

Understand the role of the parathyroid glands

• The parathyroid glands consist of four small glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck.
• This organ produces PTH hormone, which regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, and maintains bone health and the functions of the nervous system and muscles.
• When the parathyroid glands are overactive, elevated PTH hormone causes calcium to be released from the bones and absorbed more into the blood, leading to hypercalcemia.

PTH test helps pinpoint the correct cause

• About 90% of chronic hypercalcemia cases are related to hyperparathyroidism, meaning the parathyroid glands are overactive.
• Combining the results of PTH tests, blood calcium tests, and other tests will help doctors differentiate between causes due to the parathyroid glands or other conditions such as cancer, vitamin D disorders, or medication side effects.
• Correctly identifying the cause is a crucial step to effectively lower blood calcium and prevent long-term complications.

Adhere to the doctor's follow-up plan

• After the test results are available, the doctor will explain the meaning of the PTH levels and create a suitable treatment plan for each patient.
• Do not interpret results yourself or self-medicate without professional guidance.
• Regular follow-up appointments and tests will help monitor treatment effectiveness, control high blood calcium, and detect any changes that require intervention early.

Note 4: Perform diagnostic imaging

Undergo diagnostic imaging tests as prescribed

• After blood test results, the doctor may order additional diagnostic imaging techniques to find the cause of hypercalcemia.
• Performing these tests correctly helps accurately determine the origin of high blood calcium, thereby developing a more effective treatment regimen.

Check parathyroid glands when PTH levels are elevated

• If PTH tests show elevated parathyroid hormone, the doctor may order an ultrasound or specialized imaging techniques to evaluate the four parathyroid glands in the neck area.
• The purpose is to detect if the parathyroid glands are enlarged or overactive.
• This is a common cause of chronic hypercalcemia and may require medication or surgery in some cases.

Look for other causes if PTH is normal or low

• If PTH levels are normal or decreased, the doctor will consider causes other than the parathyroid glands.
• Depending on the case, you may be prescribed X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or other appropriate tests to check for conditions that can increase blood calcium, including certain types of cancer such as lung cancer or breast cancer.
• The goal of these tests is to accurately identify the cause, not to confirm that you have cancer.

Do not worry excessively if cancer screening is ordered

• Only a small percentage of people with cancer experience hypercalcemia, so being ordered for further testing does not mean you definitely have the disease.
• In fact, most cases of high blood calcium are related to other causes and can be effectively controlled if detected early.

Adhere to the treatment plan and regular follow-ups

• After identifying the cause, the doctor will develop an appropriate treatment plan, which may include lifestyle changes, medication adjustments, treatment of underlying conditions, or intervention if necessary.
• Regular check-ups and tests help monitor treatment effectiveness, assist in lowering blood calcium safely, and reduce the risk of long-term complications for the kidneys, bones, and cardiovascular system.

Part 3: Medications and treatments for hypercalcemia

Method 1: Seek emergency care for severe symptoms

Go to a medical facility immediately if severe symptoms appear

• If blood calcium is severely high, this condition can cause damage to the kidneys, brain, and heart if not treated promptly.
• Go to the hospital or call emergency services immediately if severe symptoms appear to be evaluated and treated early, avoiding dangerous complications.

Recognize signs requiring emergency care

• Individuals with acute hypercalcemia may experience one or more of the following symptoms:
  • Frequent or continuous vomiting.
  • Prolonged diarrhea.
  • Severe abdominal pain.
  • Dizziness, loss of balance.
  • Confusion, decreased alertness, or altered consciousness.
• These signs are not only found in hypercalcemia but can also be related to many other medical conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to be examined by a doctor to determine the exact cause.

Emergency treatment to lower blood calcium

• When blood calcium levels are too high, doctors often prioritize hospital treatment to bring calcium to a safe level.
• Treatment methods may include:
  • Intravenous fluid administration to rehydrate and increase calcium excretion through the kidneys.
  • Prescribed diuretic use to help the body eliminate excess calcium after adequate fluid replacement.
  • Dialysis in cases of kidney failure or when other treatments are ineffective.
• The treatment regimen will be chosen based on the degree of hypercalcemia, the underlying cause, and the patient's overall health condition.

Treat the cause to prevent recurrence

• Hypercalcemia can stem from many causes such as hyperparathyroidism, certain underlying medical conditions, or excessive use of calcium supplements and calcium-containing antacids.
• After addressing the emergency, the doctor will continue to find the cause to develop a long-term treatment plan, effectively helping to lower blood calcium and reduce the risk of recurrence.
• Do not self-treat at home if severe symptoms appear or self-medicate to reduce high blood calcium without a doctor's prescription.

Method 2: Regular follow-up and monitoring

Regular check-ups for mild hypercalcemia

• If blood calcium is high but only slightly elevated and asymptomatic, you often do not need immediate aggressive treatment.
• Instead, the doctor will monitor the progression of the condition combined with lifestyle change guidance to support lowering blood calcium and reduce the risk of complications.
• Adhering to the follow-up schedule helps detect early if calcium levels continue to rise or if abnormal signs appear.

Perform blood calcium tests as scheduled

• The doctor will order regular blood calcium tests to monitor treatment effectiveness and assess the risk of progression.
• The frequency of testing will vary depending on:
  • The degree of hypercalcemia.
  • The underlying cause.
  • Age and overall health status.
  • The effectiveness of treatment measures or lifestyle changes.
• Do not skip tests, even if you feel completely healthy, as high blood calcium often causes no symptoms in its early stages.

Maintain a healthy lifestyle to manage the condition

• In addition to follow-up appointments, continue to follow the doctor's instructions such as drinking enough water, appropriate exercise, diet adjustments, and taking medication as prescribed if necessary.
• Small but sustained changes can effectively help lower blood calcium, while also protecting kidney, bone, and cardiovascular function.
• If new symptoms appear or test results show higher blood calcium levels, contact your doctor for evaluation and timely adjustment of the treatment plan.

Method 3: Take prescribed medication

Use calcium-controlling medication as directed

• If hypercalcemia is moderate or severe, the doctor may prescribe medication to lower blood calcium and control the underlying cause.
• The treatment duration can be short or long, depending on the severity of the condition, the cause, and the individual's response.
• Do not arbitrarily increase, decrease, or stop medication without instruction, as this can lead to recurrent high blood calcium or cause complications.

Calcitonin helps reduce blood calcium levels

• Calcitonin is a medication that reduces blood calcium levels and helps limit bone loss.
• It is usually administered as a nasal spray, sprayed into one nostril daily and alternating sides as directed by the doctor.
• Some possible side effects include:
  • Nausea.
  • Runny nose.
  • Nosebleeds.
• If symptoms persist or become severe, inform your doctor.

Calcimimetic drugs for elevated PTH hormone

• If PTH test results show elevated parathyroid hormone, the doctor may prescribe a calcimimetic drug, such as cinacalcet.
• The medication is usually taken with a meal, at the same time each day to maintain treatment effectiveness.
• Common side effects may include:
  • Stomach upset.
  • Dizziness.
  • Fatigue or weakness.
• Take the medication as directed and report any adverse effects to your doctor.

Bisphosphonates for cancer-related hypercalcemia

• If hypercalcemia is caused by cancer, a specialist may prescribe bisphosphonate medications.
• The medication can be administered orally or intravenously periodically, depending on the patient's condition.
• Some possible side effects include:
  • Nausea.
  • Heartburn.
  • Flu-like symptoms after intravenous administration.
• Patients need to follow up as scheduled so the doctor can monitor treatment effectiveness and address side effects promptly.

Intravenous fluids when necessary

• In some cases of high blood calcium, the doctor may prescribe intravenous fluids to rehydrate, increase circulating volume, and help the kidneys excrete excess calcium.
• This method is often used in medical facilities, especially for individuals with moderate to severe hypercalcemia or signs of dehydration.
• The choice of medication and treatment method will depend on the underlying cause, test results, and the patient's overall health status.

Method 4: Adjust current medications

Consult your doctor to adjust medications when needed

• Some medications can cause high blood calcium or worsen existing hypercalcemia.
• If you are being treated for high blood pressure or other chronic conditions, fully inform your doctor about all medications you are taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and supplements.
• Reviewing current medications helps the doctor determine if a medication is the cause of elevated blood calcium levels.

Replace diuretics when indicated

• Thiazide diuretics are one type of medication that can increase blood calcium levels in some individuals.
• If the medication is identified as the cause, the doctor may switch to a different type of diuretic or antihypertensive medication that is more suitable.
• Medication changes must be done under a doctor's supervision to control blood pressure while also safely supporting blood calcium reduction.

Note other medications that may affect blood calcium

• In addition to thiazide diuretics, some medications like lithium can also increase blood calcium levels.
• Provide your doctor with a complete list of all medications and supplements you are taking for risk assessment and adjustment if necessary.
• Do not omit any products, including herbal remedies or over-the-counter medications.

Do not arbitrarily stop treatment medications

• Do not arbitrarily stop or change the dosage of prescribed medications just because you suspect they are causing hypercalcemia.
• Abruptly stopping medication can worsen underlying conditions, such as high blood pressure or mental disorders.
• Only change medication under a doctor's instruction to ensure good control of both the underlying condition and high blood calcium.

Method 5: Parathyroid surgery

Surgery when hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia

• If hypercalcemia is due to hyperparathyroidism, the doctor may recommend surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland.
• In most cases, only one of the four parathyroid glands is affected, so surgery is often minimally invasive, reducing the risk of complications and shortening recovery time.
• This is an effective treatment method that provides long-term blood calcium reduction when the cause originates from the parathyroid gland.

Recovery process after surgery

• Some patients may need to stay in the hospital overnight for monitoring, but many are discharged on the same day if their health is stable.
• After surgery, you may experience mild sore throat for the first few days. Prioritize soft or liquid foods such as porridge, soup, milk, or smoothies to reduce discomfort when swallowing.
• The doctor may prescribe pain medication for about 2–3 days if needed. Use the correct dosage and follow up as scheduled.

Return to normal activities

• Depending on the extent of the surgery and the individual's recovery rate, most patients can return to normal activities within about a week.
• During this time, avoid heavy lifting or strenuous exercise until confirmed fully recovered by the doctor.
• Follow-up appointments and blood calcium tests after surgery are crucial to assess treatment effectiveness and monitor for recurrence risk.

When does a doctor usually consider surgery?

• Surgery is usually considered if you have one or more of the following conditions:
  • Blood calcium is 1 mg/dL or more above the normal upper limit.
  • Osteoporosis.
  • Spinal fractures due to osteoporosis.
  • Chronic kidney disease.
  • High calcium levels in urine.
  • Kidney stones or recurrent kidney stones.
  • Age under 50.
• The doctor will thoroughly evaluate your health status, test results, and risk of complications before deciding whether surgery is necessary.

Continued monitoring after treatment

• After surgery, you still need regular checks of blood calcium levels, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and kidney function as instructed by your doctor.
• Long-term monitoring helps maintain effective blood calcium reduction, detect abnormalities early, and protect bone, kidney, and cardiovascular health.

Notes on using medications and calcium

Consult your doctor before taking medication or supplements

• If you have hypercalcemia or chronic medical conditions, ask your doctor before using any supplements or over-the-counter medications.
• Some seemingly harmless products like mineral supplements, vitamins, or antacids can contain calcium and further elevate blood calcium.
• Fully disclosing all medications and dietary supplements you are taking will help your doctor provide appropriate guidance and support for safely lowering blood calcium.

Do not arbitrarily completely remove calcium from your diet

• Calcium is an essential mineral that helps maintain the health of bones, teeth, muscles, and the nervous system.
• Therefore, you should not arbitrarily stop calcium supplementation completely or eliminate all calcium-containing foods without a doctor's prescription.
• The treatment goal is to bring blood calcium levels back to normal, not to cause the body to be calcium deficient.

Quit smoking to improve overall health

• If you smoke, create a plan to quit as soon as possible.
• Smoking can affect calcium metabolism and absorption, and increase the risk of many cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal diseases.
• Quitting smoking not only supports the process of controlling hypercalcemia but also brings many long-term health benefits.

Use medication at the correct dosage

• Always take prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and supplements exactly as directed by your doctor or the manufacturer.
• Do not arbitrarily increase the dose or prolong the use of antacids or calcium supplements, as this can lead to high blood calcium and increase the risk of complications such as kidney stones or impaired kidney function.
• If you suspect an overdose or experience unusual symptoms after taking medication, contact a medical facility immediately for timely advice and treatment.

References

1. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology.
2. Bilezikian, J. P., Brandi, M. L., Eastell, R., Silverberg, S. J., Udelsman, R., Marcocci, C., & Potts, J. T. Evaluation and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Summary Statement and Guidelines. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.
3. European Society of Endocrinology. European Expert Consensus on Practical Management of Specific Aspects of Parathyroid Disorders in Adults and in Pregnancy. European Journal of Endocrinology.
4. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International Supplements.
5. MedlinePlus. Hypercalcemia. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
6. Merck Manual Professional Edition. Hypercalcemia. Merck & Co., Inc.
7. Mayo Clinic. Hypercalcemia: Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
8. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Primary Hyperparathyroidism. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
9. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hyperparathyroidism (Primary): Diagnosis, Assessment and Initial Management. NICE Guideline.
10. StatPearls Publishing. Hypercalcemia. StatPearls.
11. UpToDate. Clinical Manifestations, Differential Diagnosis, and Evaluation of Hypercalcemia. UpToDate.
12. UpToDate. Treatment of Hypercalcemia. UpToDate.
    

Content editor: Rene Lee Nguyen.

Information consulted and verified by expert: Matthew Turner.