How to Treat Severe Athlete's Foot: 6 At-Home Remedies

Trench foot (also known as immersion foot) is a condition where the skin and tissues of the foot are damaged due to prolonged exposure to wet, cold, and unsanitary environments. This is not only a common problem for people who work in the rain, floodwaters, or wear wet shoes for many hours, but can also occur after floods, camping, or outdoor labor.

According to many medical reports, continuous cold and wet feet for several hours to several days can damage blood vessels and skin tissues, increasing the risk of pain, numbness, swelling, redness, blistering, and even infection if not treated promptly. Many people often confuse trench foot with athlete's foot and self-treat incorrectly, causing the condition to persist and become more serious.

In this article, Tiptory will help you understand what trench foot is, recognize early signs, causes, safe home care methods, and know when to seek medical attention to avoid complications affecting foot health.

What is Trench Foot?

Trench foot occurs when feet are wet and cold for too long

• Trench foot (or immersion foot) is a condition where the skin and tissues of the foot are damaged due to continuous exposure to wet, cold environments for many hours or days.
• The most common cause is wearing wet socks or shoes for extended periods without changing them, leaving the feet constantly stuffy and waterlogged.
• This condition is common in people who work outdoors, walk in the rain frequently, wade through water, work in flooded areas, or have to wear closed-toe shoes all day.

Cold, wet, and unsanitary environments increase the risk of trench foot

• In addition to wearing wet shoes or socks, trench foot can also occur when feet are exposed to damp, cold, and unsanitary environments for long periods.
• These conditions reduce blood circulation to the feet, making the skin soft, prone to cracking, blistering, and increasing the risk of infection if not properly cared for.

How to treat and prevent trench foot

• Wash feet thoroughly with clean water and mild soap, then dry completely, especially between the toes.
• Keep feet always dry, clean, and warm to help the skin recover faster.
• Change socks immediately if they become damp, prioritize using moisture-wicking socks, well-fitting, breathable shoes, and avoid wearing wet shoes for extended periods.
• If severe pain, swelling, blistering, discharge, or signs of infection appear, seek medical attention for timely examination and treatment.

Part 1: Signs of Trench Foot

Sign 1: Foot skin discoloration due to trench foot

Red skin is an early sign of trench foot

• In the early stages, trench foot often causes the skin of the feet or toes to turn bright red or mottled red.
• This is a sign that the skin and blood vessels are being damaged by prolonged exposure to cold, wet environments.
• If detected early and the feet are kept dry, this condition can often improve quickly.

Skin turning blue or black is a serious warning sign

• As trench foot progresses, the skin color may turn bluish-purple, green, or black.
• These changes may be related to decreased blood circulation, tissue damage, or severe infection.
• Do not be complacent or self-treat at home if the skin color continues to darken.

When to see a doctor immediately?

• Seek medical attention as soon as possible if the feet show the following signs:
  • Skin turns bluish-purple, green, or black.
  • Severe pain, swelling, or loss of sensation in the feet.
  • Presence of pus, discharge, foul odor, or other suspected signs of infection.
• Early treatment helps reduce the risk of tissue damage, limits complications, and protects foot function.

Sign 2: Numbness in the feet

Foot numbness is a common symptom of trench foot

• When suffering from trench foot, prolonged exposure of the feet to cold and wet environments causes blood vessels to constrict, reducing blood flow to the feet.
• This condition can cause you to feel numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in a part or all of your feet.

Feet may become difficult to move

• In addition to numbness, many people also find their toes stiff, difficult to flex or extend, or less flexible.
• Some cases experience heavy feet, weakness, or difficulty maintaining balance when walking due to nerve and soft tissue damage.

Early treatment is needed to avoid more severe damage

• Quickly remove wet shoes and socks, dry your feet, and then gradually warm them with clean, dry socks.
• Avoid applying heat or soaking your feet in overly hot water as this can damage the affected skin.
• If numbness persists, feet do not regain normal sensation, or severe pain, skin discoloration, or significant swelling appears, seek medical attention for timely examination and treatment.

Sign 3: Tingling sensation in the feet

Tingling is an early sign of trench foot

• When trench foot first appears, many people do not feel obvious pain but experience tingling, numbness, or a crawling sensation under the skin.
• This is a sign that the nerves and blood vessels in the feet are being affected by prolonged exposure to cold and wet environments.

Pinprick sensation should not be ignored

• You may feel your feet or toes tingling, pricking, or as if many small needles are pricking them, especially when you start to warm your feet or move after a long time standing in water.
• The discomfort level may gradually increase if your feet continue to be cold, wet, or not properly cared for.

Monitor symptoms for timely treatment

• If a persistent tingling sensation appears, quickly change to dry shoes and socks, clean your feet thoroughly, and then gradually warm them.
• Avoid continuing to wear wet shoes or standing in damp, cold environments as this can worsen trench foot.
• If tingling is accompanied by numbness, severe pain, skin discoloration, or loss of sensation in the feet, seek medical attention for early examination and treatment.

Sign 4: Swelling of the feet

Foot swelling is a common sign of trench foot

• When suffering from trench foot, the tissues in the feet can retain water and react with inflammation, causing the feet to swell more than usual.
• Swelling often appears after many hours or days of exposure to cold, wet environments and can affect one or both feet.

Skin feels tight and uncomfortable when moving

• In addition to swelling, you may feel the skin on your feet tight, stiff, or have difficulty flexing your toes.
• Shoes may become tighter than usual, causing discomfort when walking or standing for long periods.
• If swelling persists, soft tissues can continue to be damaged and increase the risk of blistering or infection.

Monitor swelling levels for timely treatment

• When you notice your feet starting to swell, remove wet shoes and socks, clean thoroughly, and then dry completely.
• Keep your feet dry, warm enough, and limit exposure to cold, wet environments to support the healing process.
• If your feet are severely swollen, pain increases, skin discolors, or there is discharge, seek medical attention for early examination and treatment to avoid serious complications of trench foot.

Sign 5: Blisters and sores on the feet

Blistering is a sign of advanced trench foot

• If trench foot is not treated promptly, the skin on the feet may develop fluid-filled blisters or areas of peeling skin.
• This is a clear sign that the skin and underlying tissues have been significantly damaged due to prolonged exposure to cold, wet environments.

Sores increase the risk of infection

• If the blisters rupture, bacteria can easily penetrate, causing inflammation and forming sores on the feet.
• You may also experience symptoms such as severe pain, swelling, discharge, or an unusual foul odor.
• People with diabetes, circulatory disorders, or weakened immune systems are at a higher risk of complications from trench foot.

Do not try to burst blisters yourself

• Do not attempt to prick or burst blisters yourself, as this can increase the risk of infection and delay wound healing.
• Keep your feet clean and dry, avoid pressure on the affected area, and cover with a clean bandage if necessary.
• Seek medical attention immediately if blisters or sores appear to assess the extent of the damage and receive appropriate treatment, helping to prevent serious complications.

Part 2: How to Treat Swollen Immersion Foot

Tip 1: Wash and dry your feet thoroughly

Keeping your feet clean and dry is the most important step

• Although trench foot was common among soldiers in the past, this condition can still occur in people who regularly work or move in cold, wet environments.
• Keeping your feet always clean and dry is a simple but effective way to support treatment and limit the spread of damage.

Clean your feet immediately after contact with water

1. Wash your feet with clean water and mild soap to remove mud, bacteria, and impurities clinging to the skin.
2. Dry thoroughly with a clean towel, especially between the toes, as this is where moisture tends to accumulate.
3. If you have to continue working outdoors, check your feet regularly to detect any abnormalities early.

Change to dry socks as soon as possible

• If you have to stand in water or wear wet shoes for many hours, change to clean, dry socks as soon as conditions permit.
• Prioritize using moisture-wicking socks and breathable footwear to limit moisture buildup.
• Maintaining the habit of keeping your feet dry not only helps improve trench foot but also contributes to reducing the risk of athlete's foot, foot odor, and other skin conditions.

Tip 2: Warm your feet properly

Warm your feet gradually after leaving a cold, wet environment

• After thoroughly drying your feet, warm your feet gradually if you have been standing in cold water or a wet environment for many hours.
• Proper warming helps blood vessels gradually dilate, improves blood circulation, and helps limit trench foot from worsening.

Perform for about 5–10 minutes

1. Apply a warm towel or warm compress at a moderate temperature to your feet.
2. Or soak your feet in warm water for about 5–10 minutes.
3. After warming, dry completely and then wear clean, dry socks to keep your feet warm.

Do not use water that is too hot

• Do not soak your feet in hot water or apply high heat immediately after prolonged cold exposure.
• Sudden temperature changes can irritate damaged skin and tissues, and even cause burns if sensation in the feet is impaired.
• It is best to gradually increase the temperature to allow your feet to adapt and recover safely.

Tip 3: Rest properly for foot recovery

Do not wear tight socks when resting or sleeping

• After cleaning and warming your feet, you should allow them to air out when resting or sleeping, especially during the initial days of treating trench foot.
• Tight socks can reduce blood circulation to the feet, slowing down the recovery process.
• After a few days, when symptoms have improved, you can use loose-fitting socks made of breathable material like cotton to keep warm without constriction.

Keep your feet warm with a blanket instead of tight socks

• Instead of wearing multiple layers of socks, use a blanket or duvet to keep your feet warm while resting.
• This method helps maintain a stable temperature while ensuring blood circulation to the damaged tissues.

Resting posture is also very important

1. Do not cross your legs or ankles when sitting or lying down, as this can impede blood circulation.
2. When resting, keep your feet in a comfortable position, avoiding placing heavy objects on them.
3. When sleeping, you can add an extra blanket at the foot of the bed to keep your feet warm if the weather is cold.

Prioritize natural blood circulation

• During recovery, the goal is to keep your feet warm, dry, and unconstricted to allow for better blood circulation.
• If after a few days of proper rest, trench foot still causes severe pain, prolonged numbness, or develops blisters and skin discoloration, you should seek medical attention for examination and treatment.

Tip 4: Use pain relievers correctly

Pain relievers can help alleviate symptoms

• Trench foot often causes swelling, pain, and discomfort in the feet, especially when the condition becomes more severe.
• If the pain affects daily activities, you may consider using over-the-counter pain relievers as directed on the packaging or as prescribed by a doctor or pharmacist.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen can help reduce pain and inflammation in some people. However, these drugs are not suitable for everyone, especially those with stomach ulcers, kidney disease, pregnancy, or a history of NSAID allergies.

Should only be used for a short time

1. Use the medication at the recommended dose and do not arbitrarily extend the duration of use.
2. If the pain does not improve after a few days or worsens, see a doctor to determine the cause and get appropriate treatment.
3. Pain relievers only help control symptoms and do not replace keeping your feet clean, dry, and warm – the most important factors in treating trench foot.

Recovery time depends on the extent of the damage

• In mild cases, trench foot can improve after a few weeks with proper care.
• Severe cases or those with complications such as infection, blistering, or tissue damage may take several months to fully recover.
• Early detection, correct treatment, and avoiding continued exposure to cold, wet environments will help shorten recovery time and reduce the risk of sequelae.

Tip 5: See a doctor immediately if there are signs of infection

Trench foot can lead to infection if not treated promptly

• Initial symptoms of trench foot such as pain, swelling, blistering, or skin discoloration are usually due to tissue damage, not necessarily infection.
• However, soft, cracked, or peeling skin creates conditions for bacteria to enter, increasing the risk of infection if not properly cared for.

Recognize the signs of infection

Seek medical attention as soon as possible if you experience one or more of the following signs:

• Pus or bloody discharge from the wound.
• Widespread red streaks appearing on the foot skin.
• The wound has an unusual, foul odor.
• Fever or chills.
• Worsening pain, swelling, or skin discoloration.

Do not self-treat if infection is suspected

1. Do not squeeze blisters or apply unknown remedies to the injured skin.
2. Keep the feet clean, dry, and covered with a clean bandage if there are ulcers or discharge.
3. Consult a doctor for an assessment of the extent of the injury and appropriate treatment.

Medication or vaccination may be needed

• If an infection is identified, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics to control bacteria.
• In some cases with open wounds and a high risk of infection, the doctor may also reassess the tetanus vaccine history and recommend a booster if necessary.
• Early treatment helps reduce the risk of widespread infection, protects foot tissues, and shortens the recovery time for trench foot.

Tip 6: Seek emergency care if your foot turns dark

Skin turning dark blue or black is a dangerous sign

• If trench foot causes the skin on your foot to turn dark purplish-blue, green, or black, you need to go to a medical facility or emergency room immediately.
• These skin color changes can indicate that the foot tissue is severely lacking blood and oxygen. If not treated promptly, the tissue can become necrotic.

Necrosis and gangrene are serious complications

Seek emergency care immediately if, in addition to skin discoloration, you also have the following symptoms:

• Severe swelling and intense pain in the foot.
• After the pain phase, the affected area loses sensation or becomes completely numb.
• Skin peeling, deep ulcers, or tissue turning black.
• The wound has an unusual, foul odor or excessive discharge.

These signs may be related to tissue necrosis or gangrene, which are conditions requiring emergency treatment.

Early treatment reduces the risk of complications

1. The doctor will assess the extent of the damage, check blood circulation, and determine if there is an infection.
2. Depending on the case, the patient may need antibiotics, specialized wound care, or surgery to remove necrotic tissue.
3. In very severe cases where the damaged tissue cannot be recovered, the doctor may have to consider surgical amputation of part of the foot or lower limb to prevent the spread of complications. However, this is a rare situation and usually only occurs when trench foot is not detected or treated for a long time.

Do not delay emergency care

• Do not self-treat at home if the foot has turned dark or shows signs of necrosis.
• Going to the hospital as soon as possible will increase the chances of tissue preservation, reduce the risk of serious complications, and improve recovery.

Part 3: Tips for preventing trench foot during the rainy season

Tip 1: Avoid standing in cold water for too long

Limit prolonged immersion of feet in water

• The most common cause of trench foot is prolonged exposure of the feet to cold water or damp environments for many hours.
• In some cases, symptoms of trench foot can appear after only about 12 hours if the feet are not dried and kept warm properly.

Take breaks and dry your feet proactively

1. If your job requires standing in water or in a damp environment, take regular breaks to check the condition of your feet.
2. Remove shoes and socks when possible, dry them completely, and then put on clean, dry socks before continuing to work.
3. Leave flooded areas as soon as possible to reduce the time your feet are exposed to moisture.

Warm but dirty water can also cause damage

• Not only cold water, but prolonged soaking of feet in warm, dirty, or unsanitary water can also soften and damage the skin, increasing the risk of foot ailments, including trench foot and skin infections.
• Therefore, regardless of the weather conditions you work in, the most important thing is to always keep your feet clean, dry, and well-ventilated.

Prioritize prevention over treatment

• Prepare waterproof shoes, moisture-wicking socks, and spare clothes if you frequently work outdoors, walk in the rain, or wade through water.
• Proactively protecting your feet will significantly reduce the risk of trench foot, athlete's foot, and complications from prolonged water immersion.

Tip 2: Keep your feet clean and dry at all times

Check your feet and socks regularly

• If your work or circumstances require you to stand for a long time in a damp environment, regularly check if your socks and shoes are wet.
• Damp socks will hold moisture close to the skin, creating conditions for trench foot, athlete's foot, and other skin conditions to develop.

Change socks immediately when wet

1. Change to clean, dry socks as soon as you notice they are damp or wet.
2. Dry your feet before putting on new socks to minimize any remaining moisture.
3. If you have to work outdoors or move through flooded areas, carry several pairs of spare socks to change when needed.

Choose appropriate socks to protect your feet

• Prioritize moisture-wicking socks or socks with specialized linings that help draw sweat and moisture away from the skin surface, keeping your feet dry longer.
• Socks made from cotton, wool, or blended materials with good absorbency often provide a breathable feel and help reduce the risk of trench foot when used correctly.
• Avoid wearing wet or dirty socks for many hours, as this can increase the risk of skin irritation and infection.

Develop a daily foot care routine

• After walking in the rain, wading through water, or finishing a shift, wash and dry your feet thoroughly, especially between your toes.
• Keeping your feet clean, dry, and well-ventilated is one of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent trench foot and protect your foot health long-term.

Tip 3: Choose appropriate footwear

Wear well-fitting shoes to protect your feet

• Choosing appropriate footwear plays an important role in preventing trench foot.
• Shoes that are too tight can impede blood circulation, while shoes that are too loose can easily allow water and moisture to accumulate inside, increasing the risk of skin damage.
• Prioritize shoes or boots that cover above the ankles if you frequently work in damp or flooded environments.

Prioritize breathable and waterproof materials

1. Choose shoes that are waterproof but still breathable to allow moisture to escape.
2. Shoes made from treated waterproof leather often have a better balance between waterproofing and breathability than many synthetic materials.
3. If using rubber boots or waterproof shoes for extended periods, choose ones with moisture-wicking linings or insulation layers to reduce moisture buildup inside.

Change shoes when wet

• If you have to work all day in rainy or flooded conditions, prepare an extra pair of dry shoes to change into when possible.
• After use, shoes should be allowed to dry completely before wearing them again; avoid using damp shoes as this can increase the risk of trench foot.

Do not rely entirely on waterproof shoes

• Waterproof shoes or boots help protect your feet for a short time, but if worn continuously for many hours, moisture and sweat can still accumulate inside.
• To effectively prevent trench foot, combine appropriate shoes with moisture-wicking socks, change socks frequently, and keep your feet clean and dry after each exposure to water.

Tip 4: Protect your foot skin from moisture

Create a protective layer when exposed to damp environments

• If you frequently work in rainy, flooded, or cold and damp environments, you can apply a thin layer of vaseline (petroleum jelly) to your feet before putting on socks and shoes.
• The vaseline layer helps reduce direct skin contact with moisture and minimizes friction, thereby contributing to reducing the risk of trench foot.
• However, this is only a supportive measure and cannot replace keeping your feet clean and dry.

Use absorbent powder when your feet sweat excessively

1. If your feet sweat frequently, you can use foot absorbent powder to reduce moisture inside your shoes.
2. The powder helps absorb sweat, keeping your feet dry and limiting the favorable environment for bacteria and fungi to grow.
3. Only use on intact skin; do not apply to open wounds or blistering skin.

Control excessive foot sweating

• People with hyperhidrosis of the feet should change socks frequently, wear breathable shoes, and allow shoes to dry completely after each use.
• If sweating is excessive, prolonged, or affects daily life, consult a doctor for advice on appropriate treatment methods, such as prescribed antiperspirants.

Combine multiple measures to prevent trench foot

• Applying vaseline or using absorbent powder is only effective when combined with other measures such as changing to dry socks, wearing well-fitting shoes, limiting prolonged foot immersion in water, and daily foot hygiene.
• Maintaining clean, dry, and well-ventilated feet remains the most effective way to prevent trench foot and related foot skin conditions.

Part 4: When to see a doctor urgently?

The doctor will conduct a clinical examination to determine the condition

• To diagnose trench foot, the doctor will ask about the symptoms you are experiencing such as pain, numbness, swelling, skin discoloration, or blistering on the feet.
• At the same time, the doctor will directly observe the affected skin area to assess the extent of the impact and rule out other conditions such as athlete's foot, cellulitis, or chilblains.

Elicit history of exposure to cold and damp environments

The doctor may ask for some information such as:

• How long have you been standing or walking in water?
• Do you frequently wear wet shoes or socks for extended periods?
• Is your recent work or activity related to cold, rainy, or flooded environments?
• When did the symptoms appear and how have they progressed?

This information helps determine the cause and the degree of suspicion for trench foot.

Sensory and neurological function may be tested

• If trench foot has progressed severely, the doctor may test sensation in the feet to assess if the nerves are affected.
• Simple tests such as evaluating the ability to perceive touch, hot-cold sensations, or reflexes in the feet can be performed to detect numbness or nerve damage.

Early diagnosis leads to more effective treatment

• Detecting trench foot in the early stages simplifies the treatment process and reduces the risk of infection, necrosis, or long-term nerve damage.
• If your feet experience severe pain, discoloration, numbness, or signs of infection, you should visit a medical facility for examination as soon as possible.

Part 5: What is Trench Foot? Is it dangerous?

Note 1: Causes of trench foot

Prolonged exposure to water or damp environments is the main cause

• Trench foot occurs when the feet are exposed to water or a damp environment for an extended period, especially in cold weather.
• This condition is common in people who wade through water, work outdoors, walk in the rain for many hours, or wear wet shoes and socks continuously without changing them.

Reduced blood circulation damages foot tissue

1. When feet are cold and damp for a long time, blood vessels constrict to preserve body heat.
2. This reduces the amount of blood, oxygen, and nutrients supplied to the tissues in the feet.
3. If prolonged, the tissues will be damaged, swell, and in severe cases, can lead to necrosis.

Bacteria easily penetrate through damaged skin

• Skin that has been soaked in water for a long time often becomes soft, cracked, or abraded, creating conditions for bacteria to enter.
• If not cleaned and cared for properly, trench foot can lead to infection, prolonging the treatment process and increasing the risk of complications.

It doesn't take many days of water immersion to get the disease

• In some cases, trench foot can appear after only about 12 hours if the feet are continuously in a cold and damp environment.
• Therefore, changing to dry socks, cleaning and warming the feet immediately after contact with water is very important to prevent the disease.

Cold weather, even without water, can still increase the risk

• Although trench foot is often associated with wet environments, this condition can also occur when the feet are exposed to cold weather for a long time, around -1°C to 4°C, especially if shoes or socks are damp.
• To reduce the risk of disease, keep your feet clean, dry, warm enough, and avoid wearing wet shoes or socks for extended periods.

Note 2: Prognosis and recovery ability

Mild trench foot can often improve at home

• Most cases of mild trench foot can recover if detected early and cared for properly.
• Keeping the feet clean, dry, warming them gradually, and avoiding re-exposure to damp and cold environments will give the tissues time to recover.
• Depending on the extent of the damage, symptoms may gradually subside after a few days to several weeks.

Monitor progress during recovery

1. Check your feet daily to detect any unusual signs early.
2. Continue to change to dry socks, wear breathable shoes, and avoid soaking your feet in water.
3. If symptoms do not improve or new signs appear, seek medical attention for timely assessment.

Severe cases require medical treatment

• If trench foot causes blistering, sores, infection, or severe pain, you should not only treat it at home.
• The doctor will examine and assess the extent of damage to the skin, soft tissues, and blood circulation to determine the appropriate treatment method.
• Depending on the case, the patient may need specialized wound care, medication, or other treatments to prevent complications and promote recovery.

Early treatment shortens recovery time

• The earlier trench foot is detected and treated, the lower the risk of infection, nerve damage, and necrosis.
• Do not be complacent if symptoms worsen or persist, as timely examination will help preserve foot function and limit long-term complications.

Important notes when experiencing trench foot

Do not smoke during recovery

• Nicotine in cigarettes can constrict blood vessels, reduce blood flow to the feet, and slow down the recovery process of trench foot.
• If you are undergoing treatment, you should limit or stop smoking to improve blood circulation, helping damaged tissues receive enough oxygen and nutrients necessary for wound healing.

People at high risk of trench foot

The following groups need to pay special attention to preventing trench foot:

• People working in construction, engineering, or outdoor mining.
• Security guards, rescue workers, or disaster relief personnel.
• People who frequently hike, camp, fish, trek, or participate in outdoor activities.
• People who have to work long hours in rainy, flooded, or cold, humid environments.

Do not be complacent with severe symptoms

• Although many cases of trench foot can improve with proper care, the condition can still progress to infection, tissue damage, or necrosis if treatment is delayed.
• The risk of complications will be higher in people with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, or compromised immune systems.

Seek medical attention immediately if symptoms become severe

Go to a medical facility or hospital immediately if you experience the following signs:

• Severe pain or increasing swelling.
• The foot turns dark blue-purple or black.
• Large blisters, pus discharge, or foul odor.
• Loss of sensation in the foot or fever.

Timely treatment helps reduce the risk of permanent damage. In very severe cases with widespread necrosis and irrecoverable tissue, doctors may need to consider surgical amputation of the affected limb to protect overall health. However, this complication is usually rare if trench foot is detected and treated early.

References

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cold Stress Guide. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
2. Cleveland Clinic. Trench Foot (Immersion Foot). Cleveland Clinic Health Library.
3. DermNet New Zealand Trust. Immersion Foot (Trench Foot). DermNet NZ.
4. Elliott, K. G., & Johnstone, A. J. (2003). Diagnosing acute trench foot. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 149(3), 172–178.
5. Healthdirect Australia. Trench Foot. Healthdirect Australia.
6. Manual of Military Medicine. (1994). Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments (Volume 1). Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Army.
7. Merck Manual Professional Edition. Immersion Foot (Trench Foot). Merck & Co., Inc.
8. National Health Service. Trench Foot. NHS Inform.
9. StatPearls Publishing. Immersion Foot. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
10. Tintinalli, J. E., Ma, O. J., Yealy, D. M., Meckler, G. D., Stapczynski, J. S., Cline, D. M., & Thomas, S. H. (Eds.). Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. McGraw-Hill Education.
11. World Health Organization. Flooding and Communicable Diseases Fact Sheet. World Health Organization.
12. Wilderness Medical Society. Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Nonfreezing Cold Injury. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine.
    

Content edited by: Sidney Bailey Hoang.

Information consulted and verified by expert: Joseph Bennett.