How to protect yourself from nuclear radiation: 2 survival skills after a nuclear explosion.

Amidst constant news reports about military tensions, many Vietnamese people are becoming more concerned about nuclear radiation protection and how to respond if a nuclear attack occurs. Although experts consider a large-scale nuclear war scenario highly unlikely, understanding the risks and knowing what to do still provides a greater sense of security for each family.

This article provides you with quick, easy-to-understand, and practical information on how to prepare, protect yourself, and minimize radiation exposure in the event of an unexpected emergency. The goal is to help you know what to watch out for, avoid panic, and be more proactive in any emergency situation.

How to prepare for and respond to the risk of nuclear radiation.

Prepare in advance for an incident.
Take proactive steps to prepare basic supplies so you can protect yourself in case of an emergency involving nuclear radiation.

• Stock up on easy-to-store dry foods like rice, noodles, and canned goods.

• Store enough clean water to last for several days.

• Prepare a simple first-aid kit including clean gauze, adhesive bandages, and antiseptic solution.

• Organize essential items in easily accessible places to save time when you need to move them.

Find safe shelter immediately.
When a radiation hazard warning is issued, the top priority is to reduce exposure to the radiation source.

• Go inside immediately if you are outdoors.

• Choose a basement room if available; otherwise, find a room in the middle of the house, as far from a window as possible.

• Close all doors and windows, and avoid standing near areas with glass.

Stay calm and remain still for at least 48 hours.
In a nuclear radiation situation, staying indoors helps the body avoid exposure.

• Try to stay calm and composed so you can make the right decisions.

• A supply of clean water and food is available in sufficient quantities to last for at least 48 hours.

• Limit going outside unless directed otherwise.

Monitor announcements from the authorities.
Regulatory agencies will provide the most accurate information on radiation levels and guidance on safe actions.

• Always monitor official information channels such as radio, television, or alert apps.

• Only leave the shelter when you have clear instructions and it is safe to do so.

Skill 1: Prepare in advance to survive a nuclear attack.

Step 1: Develop a response plan in case of nuclear radiation risk.

Prepare a plan in advance.
Having a clear plan in place helps reduce panic and ensures you act correctly in the event of a nuclear radiation emergency.

1. Identify a safe shelter inside your home, preferably a basement or a room in the middle of the house, away from windows.

2. Arrange the shelter space to accommodate all family members and ensure that essential items are easily accessible.

3. Save emergency phone numbers and official communication channels to stay informed about the situation.

Stock up on necessary food and medical supplies.
In the event of a nuclear attack, going outside to find food would be unsafe for at least 48 hours.

• Prepare non-perishable foods such as canned goods, noodles, cereals, and dry biscuits.

• Stock up on enough clean water for the whole family for several days.

• Equip yourself with a basic first-aid kit to handle minor issues while waiting for instructions from the authorities.

• Keep your reserves in a fixed location so you can easily access them when an alert comes in.

Focus on the crucial survival steps.
Once you have enough food and supplies, you can feel more at ease and focus on other important things.

• Stay calm to make sound decisions.

• Adhere to the principle of sheltering for a minimum of 48 hours to reduce the risk of radiation exposure.

• Monitor official announcements before leaving shelter.

Step 2: Stockpile dry food to be ready in case of a nuclear radiation risk.

Choose foods that don't spoil easily and can be stored for a long time.
Dry food is a stable energy source that can be stored for years, making it ideal for situations requiring extended shelter in the event of a nuclear radiation incident.

• Prioritize foods rich in carbohydrates to provide more energy per serving.

• Store in a cool, dry place to extend shelf life.

Foods that should be stocked up on
Based on practical experience in survival preparation, the following types are readily available, durable, and suitable for long-term energy sources:

• White rice

• Wheat

• Beans

• Road

• Honey

• Oats

• Dry noodles

• Powdered milk

• Dried fruits and vegetables

Build up reserves gradually.
You don't need to buy too much at once. A more efficient way is to stock up gradually each time you go to the supermarket.

1. Each time you make a purchase, add 1–2 items to your reserve area.

2. By maintaining this pace, you will quickly have enough food for several weeks or months.

3. Check regularly to ensure the storage space remains dry and well-ventilated.

Prepare a can opener.
If using canned food, always have a can opener readily available. This will save you from being caught off guard when you need to use it while sheltering.

Step 3: Stockpile clean water to respond to the risk of nuclear radiation.

Prepare safe containers for water.
Proper water storage is crucial because you may need to stay indoors for at least 48 hours after a radiation incident.

• Use food-grade plastic containers to prevent chemicals from leaching into the water.

• Clean the utensils with a diluted solution of water and common detergent, then rinse thoroughly with clean water.

• Fill with filtered or treated water for use as needed.

Calculate the amount of water that needs to be stored.
You should prepare enough water for each family member for the first few days.

• The safe minimum amount is about 1 gallon (approximately 3.8 liters) per person per day.

• If space permits, stock up more than the minimum required to reduce the risk of water shortage during your shelter period.

Prepare a plan for water purification in case of emergency.
If your water supply runs out or is suspected of being contaminated after an incident, you need to have some basic supplies on hand to handle the situation.

• Keep a bottle of common household disinfectant handy to sterilize water when absolutely necessary.

• Prepare additional medical-grade iodine solution to assist in disinfection when no other options are available.

• Do not use any dosage without consulting a healthcare professional; only use as directed by a healthcare or regulatory authority in emergency situations.

Practical advice
Place the water storage area in a cool, clean place and avoid direct sunlight. Regularly check the condition of the container to ensure safety.

Step 4: Prepare communication equipment in case of a nuclear radiation incident.

Equip yourself with devices to stay up-to-date with information.
In an emergency, accurate information helps you know your safety level and receive guidance from authorities. Therefore, prepare a simple but useful communication kit.

• Choose a radio that runs on a hand crank or solar power so you're not dependent on batteries.

• If your radio is battery-powered, keep some extra batteries on hand for use during power outages.

• Consider equipping yourself with a radio dedicated to broadcasting weather and emergency alerts, allowing you to receive information 24/7.

Prepare tools for signaling when assistance is needed.
When you're in a shelter, sometimes you need a way for others to know your location if something happens.

• A small whistle is very useful for signaling for help when needed.

• Place the whistle in an easily accessible location for immediate use in an emergency.

Use your mobile phone when you have a signal.
Phones may still function depending on the area and the extent of the damage.

• Keep your phone fully charged when a risk alert is issued.

• If possible, prepare a solar charger to maintain connectivity during prolonged power outages.

• Use your phone to stay updated on official directives from authorities through official channels.

Step 5: Stock up on medical supplies to treat injuries in emergency situations.

Prepare a basic first-aid kit.
Having medical supplies readily available at home can help you treat minor injuries when sheltering after a nuclear radiation incident. You can buy pre-packaged first-aid kits or prepare your own.

• Use sterile gauze and bandages to cover the wound.

• Antibacterial ointment to reduce the risk of infection.

• Disposable gloves are used to ensure hygiene when handling wounds.

• Scissors, tweezers, a thermometer, and a thin blanket to keep warm when needed.

First aid guide
In an emergency, you will need to know basic procedures to protect yourself and assist others.

• Prepare first aid manuals from reputable organizations or print materials from official sources.

• Learn important things beforehand, such as how to bandage wounds, provide support in case of shock, and care for minor burns.

• Keep the documents in a fixed, easily accessible location within the shelter area.

Keep a supply of prescription medications or personal items.
If you or a loved one needs to take medication daily, having a small amount on hand will help maintain stable health when the supply is disrupted.

• Prepare enough medication for several days, exactly as prescribed by your doctor.

• Store medications in a dry place where they are easy to check and where the expiration date is easily visible.

Step 6: Prepare any other necessary items.

Supplement with lighting equipment and personal safety gear.
These small but useful items will help you handle many situations when you need shelter during a nuclear radiation incident.

• A handheld flashlight for use during a power outage.

• Keep a supply of new batteries on hand for replacement when needed.

• Basic dust-filtering masks help to reduce the inhalation of dust or airborne particles.

Provide temporary protective coverings.
In some cases, you need a way to reduce the amount of air entering the shelter area.

• Use plastic sheeting and tape to seal any gaps in windows or doors.

• Regular checks should be conducted to ensure that the covering remains intact throughout the shelter period.

Prepare personal hygiene items.
Maintaining hygiene while sheltering helps reduce your risk of infection and maintain good health.

• Garbage bags and ties are needed for proper waste disposal.

• Wet wipes are for personal hygiene when you can't use water.

Basic emergency repair tools
You may need to work with your home's electrical systems if there is a leak or malfunction.

• Prepare a wrench and pliers to shut off water or gas valves when absolutely necessary.

• Place these tools in an easily accessible area, near the shelter, to reduce processing time.

Step 7: Monitor the news to identify early signs of nuclear tensions.

Observe the political situation and international developments.
A nuclear attack is almost never a surprise. Typically, there are numerous early warning signs emerging through political and military developments.

• Follow news from official sources to be aware when tensions between countries escalate.

• Conventional armed conflicts between nuclear-armed nations often carry the potential for escalation if not contained promptly.

• Even nuclear attacks confined to one area can lead to a chain reaction and increase the risk of conflict elsewhere.

Learn about each country's warning system.
Many countries have hierarchical warning systems to inform citizens about the level of risk.

• Understanding the different alert levels helps you assess the situation and prepare better when signs of instability appear.

• Some countries use their own alert scales for military situations; for example, the DEFCON system used in the United States and Canada indicates the readiness of their defense forces.

• No matter where you live, familiarize yourself with your country's warning system to stay informed.

Follow the news to be proactive in responding.
In any situation involving a nuclear hazard, timely information is crucial for you to prepare and make safe decisions.

• Always check for news from radio, television, or government news channels.

• Regular updates help you assess the level of risk and proactively take steps to protect yourself from nuclear radiation when necessary.

Step 8: Assess the level of risk and consider evacuation in case of a nuclear conflict.

Consider the possibility of leaving the dangerous area.
As tensions escalate and the risk of nuclear conflict becomes clearer, the first crucial step is to assess the level of risk in your area.

• If evacuation to an area far from military targets or large populations is possible, consider this the preferred option.

• If you are unable to leave, focus on developing a more suitable and safer shelter plan, especially if you live near a high-risk area.

Determine your position relative to potential targets.
Knowing what type of targets you are near allows for more proactive and realistic planning in nuclear radiation mitigation. The following areas typically have a higher risk in the event of a nuclear conflict:

1. Large air and naval bases

   • This is a location where strategic bombers, missile-carrying submarines, and ballistic missile systems can be deployed.

   • It would almost certainly be targeted even in a limited nuclear conflict scenario.

2. Commercial seaport and runway over 3,000m long

   • These strategic locations play a crucial role in military logistics and transportation.

   • The likelihood of being attacked is high in a limited conflict and almost certain in a full-scale nuclear war.

3. Central administrative and political area

   • The nerve centers of a nation are sensitive targets.

   • Often vulnerable in limited conflict and certain in full-scale escalation.

4. Large urban areas, key industrial zones, densely populated cities.

   • These areas are often targeted in large-scale nuclear war scenarios due to their socio-economic impact.

Plan your shelter-in-place strategy based on your actual risk level.
Once you've determined the risk level where you live, choose the appropriate shelter option:

• If you are near a high-risk area, prioritize basements, secure areas, or areas away from surfaces and windows.

• Even in a lower-risk area, you still need to prepare a safe shelter, sufficient water, food, and basic communication and medical supplies.

• It's important to have a clear plan and provide guidance to each family member on what to do if a bad situation arises.

Step 9: Learn about the different types of nuclear weapons to understand their level of danger.

Gather information at a general level, avoiding sensitive technical details.
Understanding the basic concepts of nuclear weapons helps you assess the level of risk and why nuclear radiation preparedness plans are necessary. The content below is for general explanation only and does not go into detail that could be misused.

Fission bomb (often called an A-bomb)
This is the most basic form of nuclear weapon and also the type that has been used in warfare.

• This type of bomb generates energy by splitting the nuclei of heavy elements such as uranium or plutonium.

• When a nucleus splits, it releases energy and creates new neutrons; these neutrons then split further nuclei, creating a chain reaction.

• The destructive power of a fission bomb is far greater than that of conventional explosives.

• This type of weapon is also easily mentioned when discussing the threat from non-state organizations, because its structure is simpler than other weapons (but it is still extremely difficult to manufacture and requires national technology to create the materials).

Fusion bomb (often called H-bomb or thermonuclear weapon)
This is a modern nuclear weapon, far more powerful than a fission bomb.

• They use the extremely high temperatures generated by a small fission reaction to "initiate" the fusion reaction.

• In a fusion reaction, isotopes of hydrogen such as deuterium and tritium combine , generating enormous amounts of energy.

• This type of bomb is hundreds of times more powerful than a fission bomb and is a key component in the strategic arsenals of major powers such as the United States and Russia.

Summary in an easy-to-understand way.

• A-bomb: Based on fission , with immense destructive power, it was once used in warfare.

• H-bomb: Based on thermonuclear fusion , much more powerful than the A-bomb, used in modern military strategy.

Why do you need to know this?

• Understanding the different types of weapons helps you assess the level of risk in news reporting.

• Understanding why authorities consistently emphasize preparing for shelter and protection against nuclear radiation.

• It helps you differentiate the potential impact when you hear information about a specific type of bomb.

Skill 2: Guidance on safe shelter during a nuclear explosion

Step 1: Seek immediate shelter upon signs of a nuclear attack.

Early warning recognition and rapid response.
In most cases, you will receive an alert or warning from the authorities before a nuclear explosion occurs.

• If you see an extremely bright flash of light in the distance, immediately turn away and find cover. This light is visible from a great distance and can be harmful to the eyes if looked at directly.

• If you are relatively close to the explosion site, you only have a few seconds to react. The most important thing is to find shelter immediately; do not stand outside watching.

Without a secure shelter
In situations where it is not possible to immediately enter a house or sturdy structure:

1. Find a low-lying area such as a ditch or a lower surface around you and lie face down on the ground.

2. Cover as much skin as possible to reduce the impact of heat and radiation.

3. If there is no suitable place to sit, try to quickly dig a shallow hole to create a temporary barrier. This is only a stopgap solution when no better option is available.

If possible, enter the house or building.
When you are certain that the surrounding structures are sturdy enough not to be directly affected by shock waves and heat:

• Get inside as quickly as possible and choose a room in the middle of the house or in the basement if available.

• Stay away from windows because the glass can shatter at great distances in the event of a nuclear explosion.

• Staying indoors also helps you avoid radioactive fallout in the initial stages, which is a major hazard after an incident.

Take advantage of shelter systems if you are in a country that has them available.
Some countries, like Switzerland or Finland, have public bomb shelters. If you live there:

• Check if your house has a bomb shelter.

• Otherwise, identify the nearest shelter in the area and know the way to get there.

• When the air raid siren sounds, notify those who may not be able to hear the signal and listen for instructions from the national radio station.

Keep away from flammable materials.
The heat from a nuclear explosion is so intense that it can instantly ignite many flammable materials.

• Avoid standing near materials such as nylon, grease, or flammable items.

• When seeking shelter, ensure the surrounding area is safe and free of flammable materials.

Step 2: Understand radiation exposure and how to protect yourself after a nuclear explosion.

Identify the two main forms of radiation.
Understanding the characteristics of radiation helps you prepare properly and know what to do immediately after surviving an explosion. The content below provides only a general overview to support safety and does not go into sensitive technical details.

1. Prompt radiation
This is the amount of radiation released at the very moment the explosion occurred.

• This type of radiation is very short-lived and does not spread far.

• With modern weapons, the effects of radiation are often immediate and occur in the same area that has already been strongly impacted by the blast wave and heat.

• If you are far enough away to avoid the shock wave and heat, the chances of being affected by immediate radiation are much lower.

2. Residual radiation (fallout)
This is the greatest danger for those who survived the initial explosion.

• Residual radiation forms when dust, debris, and ash are carried up into the atmosphere and then fall back down.

• This dust can carry high levels of radiation and can cling to clothing, houses, soil, water, or outdoor objects.

• In some cases, radioactive fallout may occur as a dense, black dust cloud. It is important to avoid contact with any material suspected of being contaminated.

After surviving the initial explosion, what should you do next?
Once safe from the blast wave and heat, the next step is to avoid exposure to residual radiation.

1. Get to a sheltered place as soon as possible; avoid being outdoors.

2. Seal doors, windows, and any gaps to limit the entry of radioactive dust.

3. If clothing may have become contaminated with dust, remove the outer layer and place it in a sealed bag, then wash the skin with soap and water if the water is safe.

4. Stay at home for at least 24–48 hours or until further notice from authorities.

Reasons for needing special attention

• Radioactive dust can cause serious harm if inhaled or if it comes into contact with the skin for an extended period.

• Many symptoms of radiation exposure do not appear immediately, so proper shelter is even more important to reduce risk.

Step 3: Understand the different types of radiation to know how to protect yourself safely.

The content below provides only a general explanation to help identify the level of danger and does not go into in-depth technical details. The goal is to help you understand the nature of the situation so you can choose the right shelter in a nuclear radiation hazard.

Three common forms of radiation in the environment after a nuclear accident.

1. Alpha particles
This is the weakest form of radiation when outside the body.

• Alpha particles are blocked by the outer layer of skin or a few centimeters of air.

• It causes almost no harm when only in contact with the skin.

• However, if dust containing alpha particles is inhaled or swallowed, it can cause serious internal damage to the body.
  → Important: Avoid touching potentially contaminated dust, avoid inhaling outdoor dust.

2. Beta particles
This form of radiation penetrates deeper than alpha radiation and can cause skin irritation if in direct contact for too long.

• It can cause beta burns, similar to sunburn.

• While it doesn't penetrate too deeply, direct contact with dust or potentially contaminated materials should still be avoided.
  Covering your skin and avoiding outdoor exposure are effective ways to protect yourself.

3. Gamma rays
This is the most dangerous type of radiation because of its strong penetrating power.

• Gamma rays can penetrate most lightweight materials and ordinary clothing.

• A thick, heavy, and sufficiently robust barrier is needed to reduce exposure levels.

• Gamma rays can cause damage to the body even when only exposed to the skin.
  → Choose a safe shelter, the deeper and further away from the outside world the better.

Understanding the PF (Property Rating) of a Shelter
The Protection Factor (PF) index indicates the degree of radiation exposure reduction compared to when you are outdoors.

• For example, PF 300 means that the amount of radiation you receive inside a shelter is about 300 times lower than it would be outdoors.

• Simply put: the higher the PF (Profit Per Time) rating of the shelter, the safer you are.

Key principles for reducing exposure

• Minimize time spent outdoors after a nuclear accident.

• Avoid unnecessary travel in areas suspected of containing radioactive fallout.

• Quickly enter a secure shelter and remain inside until further notice.

Step 4: Reinforce the shelter to reduce radiation exposure.

The goal of consolidation

• Reducing the amount of radiation entering the space you are in—it can't eliminate it completely, but it can be lowered to a safer level.

• Ensure maximum safety without risking your life when searching for materials.

Start strengthening from within, prioritizing personal safety.

1. Only go out to retrieve materials when absolutely necessary and safe. Avoid unnecessary exposure.

2. Use earth, rocks, bricks, wood, or any heavy material available to build walls around the shelter—the thicker the better.

3. If you are in a trench, you can make a temporary shelter using nearby materials; only build the shelter if the materials are very close to avoid having to go outside for too long.

4. Tarpaulins, canopies, or tent fabrics can be used to temporarily cover and prevent radioactive dust from falling directly on people, but they do not block gamma rays.

Principles of material selection and arrangement

• Prioritize materials that are thick, heavy, and have few voids (soil, concrete, stone).

• Stack the materials to create a barrier from the outside in: the outermost layer is the thickest, while the inner layer maintains a small gap between the person and the materials.

• Avoid placing flammable materials near the shelter area (tarpaulin, nylon, oil, grease).

The ability of the materials to reduce radioactivity (estimated to reduce it to ~1/1000)

• Steel: approximately 21 cm

• Stone: 70–100 cm

• Concrete: ~66 cm

• Wood: ~2.6 m

• Land: ~1 m

• Ice: ~2 m

• Snow: ~6 m

Note: The above figures are estimates to give you an idea of ​​the required thickness; the actual thickness will depend on the type of weapon, the height of the explosion, and weather conditions.

Practical actions, in order of priority.

1. Go to the most secure shelter you can find (basement, middle room).

2. Seal all gaps in doors and windows; use tarps and tape to cover any openings.

3. Stack soil/stones/concrete around the wall/behind your seat to increase the barrier.

4. Avoid going outside unless there is a clear safety order from the authorities.

Final advice

• The goal is to reduce exposure, not to create absolute protection — keeping yourself safe is always the number one priority.

• If possible, memorize the locations of safe materials around your home before an emergency occurs so you don't have to grope around in the middle of a crisis.

Step 5: Stay in shelter for at least 48 hours to reduce radiation exposure.

Adhere to the first 48-hour rule.
The first two days after a nuclear explosion are the most dangerous period.

• Do not leave your shelter for at least 48 hours, unless directed to do so officially by authorities.

• This is a time when the level of residual radioactive dust outdoors is still very high and can be harmful if inhaled or if there is direct contact.

Why do you need to stay in a shelter?
Immediately after the explosion, highly radioactive fission products will fall into the surrounding environment.

• These dust particles can carry strong radiation for a short period of time.

• Staying indoors will help you avoid exposure to airborne radioactive fallout during the most dangerous period.

Understanding the risks of cesium and strontium
Two substances often mentioned after a nuclear accident are cesium and strontium.

• They persist longer in the environment, with half-lives of decades.

• These substances can adhere to soil, water, or plants, making food eaten outdoors susceptible to long-term contamination.

• Because it is easily absorbed into living organisms, food or water contaminated with cesium/strontium can become unsafe if not properly tested.

Do not be complacent, even if you are far from the center of the incident.

• Radioactive dust can travel thousands of kilometers depending on wind direction and weather conditions.

• This means that living in rural or sparsely populated areas does not guarantee absolute safety immediately after an incident.

• Taking shelter, sealing off your home, and following official news sources are the best ways to protect yourself in the initial stages.

Practical guide to staying safe in the first 48 hours.

1. Keep doors and windows tightly closed to minimize the amount of outside air entering.

2. Maintain the previously stockpiled water and food supplies.

3. Do not consume food or water taken outdoors if you suspect contamination with radioactive fallout.

4. Follow the guidance from the authorities to know when it is safer.

Step 6: How to use safe food and water sources after a radiation incident

General principles when allocating reserves
In an environment with residual radiation, you need to conserve food and water to sustain yourself during your stay.

• Prioritize using food that you already have stored at home.

• Minimize going out to find additional food sources to avoid exposure.

• Only seek additional funding when absolutely necessary and when the situation is safer, as directed by the authorities.

Using packaged and processed foods
Food that has been sealed in airtight containers beforehand is generally the safest.

• Canned, packaged, or sealed food can be used if the packaging is intact and not punctured or severely deformed.

• Wipe the surface of the casing clean before opening it to avoid any suspected radioactive dust from getting inside.

Use natural foods in the later stages, when necessary.
When forced to find additional food, prioritize those with lower exposure levels.

• Root vegetables, such as potatoes and carrots, which grow underground, are generally safer than the parts of the plant that grow above ground.

• With animal products, exercise extreme caution. Avoid using organ meats as they may accumulate toxins or radioactive contaminants.

• Only use meat that has been properly cleaned, shows no signs of abnormality, and cook it thoroughly.

Important note regarding water sources.
Water is vital for survival, but it can also be a potential source of radioactive contamination.

• Avoid using water outdoors immediately after an incident, as dust particles may fall into ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams.

• Groundwater, such as wells with covers, underground springs, or water still in a home's plumbing system, is generally safer.

• If you need to obtain water from a river or lake after the initial danger has passed, use an indirect method: dig a small hole about 30 cm from the water's edge and fill it with the water. Then filter, let the sediment settle, and boil it to ensure safety.

• Indoors, you can retrieve any remaining water in the plumbing system by opening the tap on the top floor to allow air in, then opening the tap on the bottom floor to let the water drain out.

How to use reserves effectively

1. Use sealed food and water first.

2. Divide rations appropriately according to the expected duration of shelter.

3. Avoid unnecessary energy expenditure to reduce the need for food.

4. Only seek additional supplies when reserves are truly depleted and the external environment has been deemed safer by authorities.

Remember this important thing.

• Safety comes first: limit going outside and avoid contact with potential sources of radioactive dust contamination.

• Natural food and water should only be considered as a last resort and must be processed with extreme care.

Step 7: How to protect and disinfect your skin when going outside after a radiation incident.

Wear protective clothing to reduce the risk of beta burns.
When forced to go outside in an environment with radioactive dust, covering your body completely is a crucial protective measure.

• Wear a hat to cover your scalp.

• Wear gloves to minimize dust from sticking to your hands.

• Wear eye protection to avoid direct contact with radioactive dust.

• Wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, and closed-toe shoes.

• Prioritize thicker clothing to create a basic barrier that helps reduce exposure to beta-containing dust particles.

Disinfect clothing before entering the house.
After returning to the shelter, you need to dispose of your clothing to avoid bringing radioactive dust inside.

1. Shake out the laundry while it's still outside the door to prevent dust from flying into the living space.

2. If you have a large bag, put the washed clothes into the bag and tie it shut.

3. Change into clean clothes whenever possible to reduce the risk of exposure.

Clean the affected skin area.
Any exposed skin may come into contact with radioactive dust, so it needs to be washed off as soon as possible.

• Wash exposed skin areas such as the face, neck, and hands thoroughly with clean water.

• Wash gently, without scrubbing hard, to avoid irritating the skin.

• If water is limited, prioritize washing the areas most likely to come into contact with water.

Why is immediate cleaning necessary?

• The longer radioactive dust remains on the skin, the higher the risk of beta burns.

• Proper skin covering and timely decontamination significantly reduce exposure when you are forced to go outside.

Step 8: Safely administer first aid for radiation burns and thermal burns.

Important note before reading
The content below provides only basic first aid instructions, suitable for emergency situations when medical personnel are not yet available. If you can contact a medical facility or rescue team, prioritize professional assistance.

Treating minor burns (often similar to sunburn or beta burns)
Mild burns can occur when skin comes into contact with radioactive dust for a short period of time.

1. Cool the burn.

   • Rinse the burned area with cool water for a few minutes until the pain subsides.

   • This is an important step in preventing the damage from spreading further.

2. If the skin blisters or cracks

   • Gently rinse with clean water to remove any dirt or dust from the skin.

   • Cover the burn with a clean gauze pad or sterile dressing if available.

   • Do not puncture the blisters as this may cause infection.

3. If the skin does not blister

   • Wash the affected area with clean water.

   • You can maintain moisture using simple products like petroleum jelly if it's still in safe condition.

   • Do not apply any unfamiliar substances or herbs of unknown origin without consulting a doctor.

Treatment of severe burns (thermal burns caused by heat waves)
Severe burns are a dangerous condition that requires maximum safety precautions and minimal intervention.

1. Avoid causing further harm.

   • If clothing is covering the burn, gently cut around the area to remove it.

   • Do not pull or tug at the fabric if it is stuck to your skin.

   • Do not apply creams, ointments, or adhesives to the burn.

2. Safely clean burns.

   • Wash gently with clean water.

   • Do not use ice, and do not use water that is too cold.

   • Do not use regular bandages as they may stick to the skin when burned.

3. Cover the burn with a non-adhesive material.

   • Use a specialized burn dressing if necessary.

   • In situations where medical supplies are unavailable, clean plastic wrap can be used as a temporary covering because it doesn't stick to the skin and creates a protective layer to limit infection.

Recognizing and managing shock.
People with severe burns are prone to going into shock, which is very dangerous if not treated promptly.

Warning signs:

• Skin is pale, cold, and unusually moist.

• Rapid heart rate, rapid breathing

• Exhausted, staring blankly, restless.

• Thirsty, gradually weakening.

How to provide support:

1. Keep the injured person in a comfortable position, with their head slightly elevated if there are no other injuries.

2. Keep your body warm with a thin blanket or clean clothes.

3. Loosen their clothing to make it easier for them to breathe.

4. Reassure them with a calm voice, helping them to stabilize their emotions.

5. Monitor breathing and heart rate while waiting for medical assistance.

Important notes

• First aid is only temporary. When safe medical services are available, seek immediate assistance.

• Avoid using methods that lack a proper basis or cause further damage to the skin.

• Always protect yourself from radiation exposure when assisting others.

Step 9: Safely assist individuals suspected of radiation exposure.

Understanding Radiation Sickness Correctly
Radiation sickness is not contagious. Its severity depends on the amount of radiation a person has been exposed to. The important thing is to remain calm, seek appropriate support, and avoid further exposure.

The principle is to ensure the safety of both you and the person in need.

• Ensure the area you are assisting is relatively safe and free from radioactive fallout.

• Wear a mask and cover your skin if you suspect the environment contains radioactive dust.

• Avoid direct contact with potentially contaminated clothing; if possible, help them change into clean clothes and put the old clothes in a sealed bag.

Basic support steps for people suspected of being exposed to radiation.

1. Bring the injured person to a safe shelter.

   • The goal is to prevent them from being further exposed to radioactive fallout.

   • Close the door and seal any gaps if necessary.

2. Initial decontamination support

   • Help them wash the affected skin area with clean water and mild soap, if available.

   • Cleanse your face, neck, and hands to reduce dust buildup.

   • Avoid using harsh detergents on the skin.

3. Observe the common signs of radiation exposure.
   Symptoms can appear anywhere from a few hours to a few days:

   • Fatigue, dizziness

   • Nausea or vomiting

   • Headache

   • Red, irritated, or sensitive skin

   • Fever, chills
     Note: The severity varies depending on the amount of exposure.

4. Keep them rested and ensure they drink plenty of clean water (if available).

   • Create a quiet space, allowing them to lie down and rest to stabilize their bodies.

   • Avoid strenuous exercise.

   • Maintain a calm demeanor and offer reassurance.

5. Continuously monitor the condition and be prepared to call for medical assistance when it is safe to do so.

   • When you receive instructions from authorities that it is safe to move or communicate, seek medical assistance as soon as possible.

   • Do not administer any special medication without professional guidance.

Things to avoid

• Avoid exposing yourself to potentially radioactive dust while providing assistance.

• Do not use unfamiliar medications or unproven methods.

• Don't assume that the absence of symptoms means you're safe; symptoms of radiation exposure can appear late.

Step 10: Understand radiation units and how to assess safe exposure levels.

Basic introduction to units of radioactivity measurement
You only need a general understanding to grasp the information from the authorities; there's no need to delve into specialized nuclear physics.

• Gy (Gray) : a unit of measurement for the amount of radiation absorbed by the body.

• Sv (Sievert) : a unit of measurement for the biological effect of radiation on the body.

• In emergency guidelines, 1 Gy ≈ 1 Sv can be understood as a rough estimate to better visualize the level of danger.

The levels of radiation exposure that are often mentioned
(The following is just a general description to help you understand the relative severity , not a diagnostic guide.)

• Below 0.05 Gy

  • Usually, there are no noticeable symptoms.

• 0.05 – 0.5 Gy

  • It may cause mild fatigue or temporary changes in the body.

• 0.5 – 1 Gy

  • Possible side effects include nausea, headache, and fatigue; most cases resolve with rest and protection from further exposure.

• 1-3 Gy

  • More pronounced symptoms such as severe fatigue and general health problems require monitoring and medical assistance when possible.

• Over 3 Gy

  • Serious health consequences; professional medical care is required under safe conditions.

• Very high levels of 6–10 Gy or higher.

  • This is a dangerous level of exposure; immediate medical attention is needed when conditions permit, and further exposure to radiation should be avoided.

  • In practice, health authorities and specialized forces will be the ones to assess and handle severe cases.

It is important to remember

• Symptoms of radiation exposure can appear slowly, so avoid self-assessing the severity based solely on initial symptoms.

• The top priority is always to minimize exposure , stay in shelter, and follow instructions from authorities.

• If you are assisting others, ensure your own safety first (basic disinfection, wearing a mask, covering your skin...).

Regarding the care of those severely affected.

• In an emergency, the best course of action is to assist those in need by moving them to a safer environment, keeping them calm, and monitoring their health.

• Do not make assumptions about the level of exposure or prescribe complex treatments on your own.

• When conditions permit, prioritize contacting medical or rescue services—they are likely to be able to make an accurate assessment and provide the right guidance.

Practical and safe advice

• In all circumstances, decisions affecting anyone's safety or healthcare should not be made based on incomplete assumptions.

• Even in emergency situations, providing proper mutual support, maintaining composure, and following official guidelines are always safer options.

Step 11: How to protect electronic devices from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) during a nuclear accident.

A quick overview of EMP and the risks associated with electronic devices.
When a nuclear explosion occurs at a high altitude, it can generate a powerful electromagnetic pulse (EMP), causing many electronic devices to malfunction. Protecting critical communication equipment such as radios, flashlights, or backup phones can help you maintain communication in an emergency.

Disconnect the power supply first.
This is a simple but effective step to reduce the risk of malfunctions:

• Unplug all devices from the power outlet.

• Disconnect the antenna, extension cord, or any other connecting cables from other devices.

• Place the device in a dry location, avoiding direct contact with metal.

How to protect your device using readily available metal objects.
You can reduce the risk from EMP by placing the device in an electromagnetically shielded environment. The general principle is to create a sealed metal enclosure around the device:

1. Use a sealed metal container (such as a tin can or a metal toolbox).

2. Wrap the device in insulating material such as newspaper, paper, or cotton cloth to prevent it from touching metal surfaces.

3. Place the device in the box and close the lid tightly.

4. Ensure the metal casing completely encloses the area, leaving no large gaps.

Temporary protection using lightweight metal sheets.
In case the metal box is missing:

• Wrap the device in several layers of paper or cloth.

• Then, wrap it tightly with a material capable of blocking electromagnetic waves, such as a blanket with a metal layer or a specialized metal bag.

• The goal is to create a sealed metal casing around the device, completely isolating it from the outside.

Safety principles for self-protection of equipment.

• Avoid letting the device come into direct contact with the metal casing.

• Do not use unnecessary electrical connections or wires.

• Protecting the equipment is only intended to preserve information in emergency situations, not for use in the event of immediate danger.

Important notes

• EMPs are not harmful to humans, but they can disrupt all means of communication.

• Keeping radios, flashlights, spare batteries, and small communication devices in a metal box or sealed container helps you maintain the ability to receive emergency information.

• Prioritize the most essential equipment: alarm radio, flashlight, backup communication system.

Step 12: Prepare for a scenario involving multiple nuclear attacks.

Stay in your shelter and maintain a proactive attitude.
In the context of serious conflict, a nuclear explosion may not be an isolated event. It is crucial to maintain self-defense capabilities and not dismantle shelters too soon.

• Keep the shelter structure as is if it remains safe and the material is not needed for other survival purposes.

• Focus on keeping the interior environment sealed, clean, and limiting the ingress of radioactive dust.

• When you have safe time, gather additional clean water and food supplies in the area near your shelter.

Prepare yourself for the next risk.
A country can carry out multiple attacks in different areas.

• Do not leave your shelter until authorities confirm it is safer.

• Maintain a habit of monitoring official information to know which areas are being affected.

• Strengthen the shield against radioactive dust if the external situation remains unstable.

Find alternative shelter options if needed.
If the original shelter is no longer safe or unusable in the long term:

• Look for sheltered, rocky natural areas such as caves or sturdy natural structures.

• Prioritize locations that offer good cover and are far from densely populated areas or strategic targets.

• Wherever you are, the fundamental principle remains to minimize radiation exposure and maintain clean water and safe food.

Stay updated and stay safe after leaving shelter.

Always follow official instructions.
In any situation involving a risk of radiation, the most reliable source of information remains the official authorities.

• Monitor the latest announcements from local authorities or emergency management agencies.

• Only go outside or move around when clearly instructed to do so.

Keep information about personal reserves confidential.
In times of chaos, keeping your food, water, and supplies information secure helps keep you safe.

• Do not disclose the amount of food or supplies you have in stock.

• Only share when you genuinely need to help others and when it's safe to do so.

Prepare shelter in advance if possible.
If you live in a high-risk area, having a shelter ready can help you reduce exposure from the start.

• Utilize the basement or any sturdy underground area if your house has one.

• If the area does not have a basement, consider community or safe shelter options as directed by authorities.

A radiation measuring device can be useful.
A Geiger counter can help you identify safer areas to move around.

• Consumer electronics typically display measurements in microsieverts (µSv).

• Natural background levels are usually low; if the device reports unusually high levels, avoid that area.

• Use the device according to the instructions; do not make assumptions about risks based on complex data.

Prioritize necessary skills and stress management abilities.
In a crisis, self-care skills and staying calm are more important than anything else.

• Teach your family basic first aid habits: treating minor wounds, providing respiratory support, and caring for someone who is tired.

• Practice simulated scenarios (moving to shelter, finding essential supplies) so everyone knows what to do.

• Stay calm, communicate clearly, and reassure each other.

Consider moving to a less populated area when experiencing significant stress.
If there is time to prepare before tensions escalate, areas far from the center and with fewer strategic targets are generally safer.

• Priority is given to sparsely populated areas, far from industrial zones and military bases.

• Only travel when it is safe and you have a clear plan.

Notes on thyroid protection products
Some countries allow the legal sale of iodine tablets for emergency situations involving iodine radiation.

• Only use when directed by a health authority , as using it at the wrong time will not provide benefits and may cause harm.

• Check the expiration date if your area allows possession of it.

Do not eat, drink, or touch any foreign objects in areas where the level of exposure is unknown.

• Do not use water outdoors unless it has been certified safe.

• Do not eat wild plants or food that has come into direct contact with foreign dust.

• Avoid contact with metal, soil, rocks, etc., unless you are sure the area is safe.

Continue to equip yourself with useful knowledge.
Understanding proper shelter, decontamination, and health protection techniques will help you make better decisions in emergency situations.

• Refer to educational materials and guidelines from civil defense agencies, medical centers, and other official sources.

• Practicing beforehand helps you react quickly and reduces panic.

Stay safe even after you've been given permission to leave shelter.
Even after radiation levels decrease, the social situation may not be stable.

• Only move when the area has been confirmed safe.

• Observe your surroundings and avoid approaching dangerous or chaotic areas.

If there is another wave of explosions

• The shelter period can last for several days.

• Continue to stay in your shelter, monitor announcements, and avoid going outside unless absolutely necessary.

Keep your spirits up!

• In a crisis, calmness and coordination among team members are crucial.

• Maintaining a steady tone and acting in a systematic manner will help the entire team become more stable.

References

1. https://www.ready.gov/radiation
2. https://www.ready.gov/food
3. https://www.ready.gov/water
4. https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/about/nuclear-blast-faq.html
5. https://www.weather.gov/nwr/
6. https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/anatomy-of-a-first-aid-kit.html
7. https://www.military.com/military-life/defcon-levels.html
8. https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/types-of-emergencies/nuclear-explosion-radiation-emergencies.html
9. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/military-jan-june05-bombs_05-02
10. https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/response/get-inside.html
11. https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-basics
12. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21995-radiation-burns
13. https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/signs-symptoms/acute-radiation-syndrome.html
14. https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-terms-and-units

Translated by: Sidney Bailey Hoang .